Gallio Andrea E, Fung Simon S-P, Cammack-Najera Ana, Hudson Andrew J, Raven Emma L
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
Department of Chemistry and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
JACS Au. 2021 Aug 10;1(10):1541-1555. doi: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00288. eCollection 2021 Oct 25.
Heme is essential for the survival of virtually all living systems-from bacteria, fungi, and yeast, through plants to animals. No eukaryote has been identified that can survive without heme. There are thousands of different proteins that require heme in order to function properly, and these are responsible for processes such as oxygen transport, electron transfer, oxidative stress response, respiration, and catalysis. Further to this, in the past few years, heme has been shown to have an important regulatory role in cells, in processes such as transcription, regulation of the circadian clock, and the gating of ion channels. To act in a regulatory capacity, heme needs to move from its place of synthesis (in mitochondria) to other locations in cells. But while there is detailed information on how the heme lifecycle begins (heme synthesis), and how it ends (heme degradation), what happens in between is largely a mystery. Here we summarize recent information on the quantification of heme in cells, and we present a discussion of a mechanistic framework that could meet the logistical challenge of heme distribution.
血红素对于几乎所有生命系统的生存都至关重要——从细菌、真菌、酵母到植物，再到动物。尚未发现任何真核生物能够在没有血红素的情况下存活。有成千上万种不同的蛋白质需要血红素才能正常发挥功能，这些蛋白质负责氧气运输、电子传递、氧化应激反应、呼吸作用和催化作用等过程。此外，在过去几年中，血红素已被证明在细胞中具有重要的调节作用，例如在转录、生物钟调节和离子通道门控等过程中。为了发挥调节作用，血红素需要从其合成位置（线粒体）转移到细胞中的其他位置。但是，虽然关于血红素生命周期如何开始（血红素合成）以及如何结束（血红素降解）有详细信息，但其间发生的事情在很大程度上仍是个谜。在这里，我们总结了细胞中血红素定量的最新信息，并讨论了一个能够应对血红素分布后勤挑战的机制框架。
