Functional identification of the terpene synthase family involved in diterpenoid alkaloids biosynthesis in .

is a high-value medicinal herb widely used across China, Japan, and other Asian countries. Aconitine-type diterpene alkaloids (DAs) are the characteristic compounds in . Although six transcriptomes, based on short-read next generation sequencing technology, have been reported from the species, the terpene synthase (TPS) corresponding to DAs biosynthesis remains unidentified. We apply a combination of Pacbio isoform sequencing and RNA sequencing to provide a comprehensive view of the transcriptome. Nineteen TPSs and five alternative splicing isoforms belonging to TPS-b, TPS-c, and TPS-e/f subfamilies were identified enzyme reaction analysis functional identified two sesqui-TPSs and twelve diTPSs. Seven of the TPS-c subfamily genes reacted with GGPP to produce the intermediate -copalyl diphosphate. Five AcKSLs separately reacted with -CPP to produce -kaurene, -atiserene, and -13--sandaracopimaradie: a new diterpene found in . AcTPSs gene expression in conjunction DAs content analysis in different tissues validated that -CPP is the sole precursor to all DAs biosynthesis, with AcKSL1, AcKSL2s and AcKSL3-1 responsible for C atisine and napelline type DAs biosynthesis, respectively. These data clarified the molecular basis for the C-DAs biosynthetic pathway in and pave the way for further exploration of C-DAs biosynthesis in the species.