Assari Shervin
Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
Res Health Sci. 2021;6(2):76-99. doi: 10.22158/rhs.v6n2p76.
A growing body of research has shown a diminished association between socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and a wide range of neuroimaging indicators for racial and ethnic minorities compared to majority groups. However, less is known about these effects for resting-state functional connectivity between various brain networks.
This study investigated racial and ethnic variation in the correlation between parental education and resting-state functional connectivity between the cingulo-opercular (CO) and cingulo-parietal (CP) networks in children.
This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study; we analyzed the resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rsfMRI) data of 8,464 American pre-adolescents between the ages of 9 and 10. The main outcome measured was resting-state functional connectivity between the CO and CP networks calculated using rsfMRI. The independent variable was parental education, which was treated as a nominal variable. Age, sex, and family marital status were the study covariates. Race and ethnicity were the moderators. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis, with and without interaction terms between parental education and race and ethnicity.
Higher parental education was associated with higher resting-state functional connectivity between the CO and CP networks. Race and ethnicity both showed statistically significant interactions with parental education on children's resting-state functional connectivity between CO and CP networks, suggesting that the correlation between parental education and the resting-state functional connectivity was significantly weaker for Black and Hispanic pre-adolescents compared to White and non-Hispanic pre-adolescents.
In line with the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, the association between parental education and pre-adolescents resting-state functional connectivity between CO and CP networks may be weaker in Black and Hispanic children than in White and non-Hispanic children. The weaker link between parental education and brain functional connectivity for Blacks and Hispanics than for Whites and non-Hispanics may reflect racism, racialization, and social stratification that collectively minimize the returns of SES indicators, such as parental education for non-Whites, who become others in the US.
越来越多的研究表明，与多数群体相比，社会经济地位（SES）指标与种族和族裔少数群体的多种神经影像学指标之间的关联减弱。然而，对于不同脑网络之间静息态功能连接的这些影响，我们了解得较少。
本研究调查了儿童中父母教育程度与扣带回 - 脑岛（CO）和扣带回 - 顶叶（CP）网络之间静息态功能连接相关性的种族和族裔差异。
这项横断面研究使用了青少年大脑认知发展（ABCD）研究的数据；我们分析了8464名9至10岁美国青少年的静息态功能磁共振成像（rsfMRI）数据。主要测量结果是使用rsfMRI计算的CO和CP网络之间的静息态功能连接。自变量是父母教育程度，将其视为名义变量。年龄、性别和家庭婚姻状况是研究协变量。种族和族裔是调节变量。使用混合效应回归模型进行数据分析，包括有无父母教育程度与种族和族裔之间的交互项。
父母教育程度越高，CO和CP网络之间的静息态功能连接越高。种族和族裔在儿童CO和CP网络之间的静息态功能连接方面均与父母教育程度存在统计学上的显著交互作用，这表明与白人和非西班牙裔青少年相比，黑人和西班牙裔青少年中父母教育程度与静息态功能连接之间的相关性明显较弱。
与少数群体收益递减理论一致，父母教育程度与青少年CO和CP网络之间静息态功能连接的关联在黑人和西班牙裔儿童中可能比在白人和非西班牙裔儿童中更弱。黑人和西班牙裔相比白人和非西班牙裔，父母教育程度与脑功能连接之间较弱的联系可能反映了种族主义、种族化和社会分层，这些因素共同使SES指标（如非白人的父母教育程度）的收益最小化，在美国非白人成为了“他者”。
