Assari Shervin, Boyce Shanika
Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
Neurol Int. 2021 Mar 4;13(1):85-101. doi: 10.3390/neurolint13010009.
Although the putamen has a significant role in reward-seeking and motivated behaviors, including eating and food-seeking, minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) suggest that individual-level risk and protective factors have weaker effects for Non-Hispanic Black than Non-Hispanic White individuals. However, limited research is available on the relevance of MDRs in terms of the role of putamen functional connectivity on body mass index (BMI).
Building on the MDRs framework and conceptualizing race and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators as social constructs, we explored racial and SES differences in the associations between putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children's BMI.
For this cross-sectional study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of 6473 9-10-year-old Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The primary independent variable was putamen functional connectivity to the salience network, measured by fMRI. The primary outcome was the children's BMI. Age, sex, neighborhood income, and family structure were the covariates. Race, family structure, parental education, and household income were potential moderators. For data analysis, we used mixed-effect models in the overall sample and by race.
Higher right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network was associated with higher BMI in Non-Hispanic White children. The same association was missing for Non-Hispanic Black children. While there was no overall association in the pooled sample, a significant interaction was found, suggesting that the association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children's BMI was modified by race. Compared to Non-Hispanic White children, Non-Hispanic Black children showed a weaker association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and BMI. While parental education and household income did not moderate our association of interest, marital status altered the associations between putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children's BMI. These patterns were observed for right but not left putamen. Other/Mixed Race children also showed a pattern similar to Non-Hispanic Black children.
The association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children's BMI may depend on race and marital status but not parental education and household income. While right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network is associated with Non-Hispanic White children's BMI, Non-Hispanic Black children' BMI remains high regardless of their putamen functional connectivity to the salience network. This finding is in line with MDRs, which attributes diminished effects of individual-risk and protective factors for Non-Hispanic Black children to racism, stratification, and segregation.
虽然壳核在寻求奖励和动机行为（包括进食和觅食）中起着重要作用，但少数群体回报递减（MDRs）表明，个体层面的风险和保护因素对非西班牙裔黑人的影响比对非西班牙裔白人的影响更弱。然而，关于MDRs在壳核功能连接对体重指数（BMI）作用方面的相关性研究有限。
基于MDRs框架，并将种族和社会经济地位（SES）指标概念化为社会结构，我们探讨了壳核与显著网络的功能连接和儿童BMI之间关联的种族和SES差异。
在这项横断面研究中，我们使用了青少年大脑认知发展（ABCD）研究中6473名9至10岁非西班牙裔黑人和非西班牙裔白人儿童的功能磁共振成像（fMRI）数据。主要自变量是通过fMRI测量的壳核与显著网络的功能连接。主要结果是儿童的BMI。年龄、性别、邻里收入和家庭结构为协变量。种族、家庭结构、父母教育程度和家庭收入是潜在的调节因素。对于数据分析，我们在总体样本和按种族分组的样本中使用了混合效应模型。
在非西班牙裔白人儿童中，壳核与显著网络的右侧功能连接越高，BMI越高。非西班牙裔黑人儿童中没有这种关联。虽然在汇总样本中没有总体关联，但发现了显著的交互作用，这表明壳核与显著网络的右侧功能连接和儿童BMI之间的关联因种族而异。与非西班牙裔白人儿童相比，非西班牙裔黑人儿童中壳核与显著网络的右侧功能连接和BMI之间的关联较弱。虽然父母教育程度和家庭收入并没有调节我们感兴趣的关联，但婚姻状况改变了壳核与显著网络的功能连接和儿童BMI之间的关联。这些模式在右侧壳核中观察到，而左侧壳核没有。其他/混血种族儿童也表现出与非西班牙裔黑人儿童相似的模式。
壳核与显著网络的右侧功能连接和儿童BMI之间的关联可能取决于种族和婚姻状况，而不是父母教育程度和家庭收入。虽然壳核与显著网络的右侧功能连接与非西班牙裔白人儿童的BMI相关，但无论其壳核与显著网络的功能连接如何，非西班牙裔黑人儿童的BMI仍然很高。这一发现与MDRs一致，MDRs将个体风险和保护因素对非西班牙裔黑人儿童影响减弱归因于种族主义、阶层分化和隔离。
