Lobanova V A, Klyukina V I
FSBI «All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry»; FSBEI HE «Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy».
FSBI «All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry».
Vopr Virusol. 2021 Nov 4;66(5):354-367. doi: 10.36233/0507-4088-75.
Most cases of human rabies are caused by dog (Canis lupus familiaris) bites. Therefore, the implementation of vaccination programs of these animals is one of the urgent tasks.The work aims to identify the factors influencing the production of antirabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) in vaccinated dogs, and to formulate recommendations for adjusting the vaccination schedule using mathematical modeling (MM).
We used a fixed-effects modeling procedure to estimate the two-compartment model parameters using log-transformed data (obtained by RFFIT, rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test; and FAVN, fluorescent antibody virus-neutralization test) on the VNAs levels in the serum of vaccinated dogs.
More vigorous immune response after a two-dose primary vaccination is formed in juvenile dogs at the age of 3 months to 1 year compared to the adult dogs. Following the primary vaccination and revaccination 1 year after, VNAs were produced more intensively in adult stray dogs than in domestic dogs.
The short-term immune response observed in dogs aged up to 3 months is due to the presence of colostral antibodies and the active growth of the organism at this age. The results of our study confirm that most of the dogs have a level of antirabies VNAs of ≥0.5 IU/ml up to two or more years following immunization. However, only regular annual revaccination ensures the protective VNAs level in animals that responded poorly to vaccination due to various factors.
The following antirabies vaccination schedule is recommended: primary vaccination of the dog at the age of 3 months up to 1 year with 1-2 month intervals, then revaccination annually. This work also demonstrates the possibility of a wider application of MM methods for solving problems of vaccine prevention.
大多数人类狂犬病病例是由狗（家犬）咬伤所致。因此，实施这些动物的疫苗接种计划是紧迫任务之一。本研究旨在确定影响接种疫苗的犬只产生抗狂犬病病毒中和抗体（VNA）的因素，并通过数学建模（MM）制定调整疫苗接种计划的建议。
我们使用固定效应建模程序，利用经对数转换的数据（通过快速荧光灶抑制试验（RFFIT）和荧光抗体病毒中和试验（FAVN）获得）来估计接种疫苗犬只血清中VNA水平的两室模型参数。
与成年犬相比，3个月至1岁的幼犬在两剂初次疫苗接种后形成的免疫反应更强烈。初次疫苗接种及1年后再次接种后，成年流浪犬产生VNA的强度高于家养犬。
3个月龄以下犬只观察到的短期免疫反应归因于初乳抗体的存在以及该年龄段机体的活跃生长。我们的研究结果证实，大多数犬只在免疫后长达两年或更长时间内抗狂犬病VNA水平≥0.5 IU/ml。然而，只有定期每年再次接种疫苗才能确保因各种因素对疫苗反应不佳的动物体内VNA达到保护水平。
建议采用以下狂犬病疫苗接种计划：3个月至1岁的犬只进行初次疫苗接种，间隔1 - 2个月接种1 - 2剂，然后每年进行再次接种。这项工作还证明了更广泛应用MM方法解决疫苗预防问题的可能性。
