Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London SE14 6NW, UK.
Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London SE14 6NW, UK.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2021 Nov;221:103441. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103441. Epub 2021 Nov 2.
Hugging is one of the most common types of affective touch encountered in everyday life. However, little is known about the factors that influence hugging evaluation and behaviour. Here, we aimed to assess how different hugs would be evaluated and whether they can affect mood. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate what kind of arm crossing is common in a naturalistic setting and whether arm crossing style could be predicted from gender, emotional closeness, and the height difference of huggers. We conducted two studies addressing these questions. In study 1, participants hugged a confederate for 1 second (s), 5 s or 10 s with two different arm crossing styles and reported how pleasant, arousing and under control the touch felt. Additionally, participants were asked about their mood ("self-ratings") immediately after, 3 minutes (min) after and 6 min after each hug. In study 2, participants were approached on campus and asked to share a hug, with arm crossing style being the dependent variable. The height difference, gender and self-rated emotional closeness to the hug partner were recorded as possible predictors for arm crossing style. Results from study 1 indicate that duration matters more than arm crossing style for hug pleasure, arousal, and control, with 1 s hugs being rated as least pleasant and under control than 5 s and 10 s hugs. Accordingly, 1 s hugs also resulted in lower pleasure self-ratings immediately post hug than 5 s and 10 s hugs. Arousal self-ratings were higher immediately post hug than several minutes after a hug. In study 2, gender was linked to arm crossing style, with male-male hug dyads exhibiting a different hugging style from female-female dyads. These findings are discussed in relation to previous hug research and gender differences in touch behaviour.
拥抱是日常生活中最常见的情感触摸类型之一。然而，人们对影响拥抱评价和行为的因素知之甚少。在这里，我们旨在评估不同的拥抱方式将如何被评价，以及它们是否能影响情绪。此外，我们还旨在研究在自然环境中常见的哪种手臂交叉方式，以及手臂交叉方式是否可以从性别、情感亲密程度和拥抱者的身高差异来预测。我们进行了两项研究来解决这些问题。在研究 1 中，参与者用两种不同的手臂交叉方式与一个同伙拥抱 1 秒、5 秒或 10 秒，并报告触摸感觉的愉悦、唤醒和控制程度。此外，参与者还被要求在拥抱后立即、3 分钟后和 6 分钟后对自己的情绪（“自我评分”）进行评价。在研究 2 中，参与者在校园中被接近并被要求分享拥抱，手臂交叉方式是因变量。身高差异、性别和自我评估与拥抱伙伴的情感亲密程度被记录为手臂交叉方式的可能预测因素。研究 1 的结果表明，对于拥抱的愉悦、唤醒和控制，持续时间比手臂交叉方式更重要，1 秒的拥抱比 5 秒和 10 秒的拥抱被评为最不愉快和最不受控制。相应地，1 秒的拥抱也导致拥抱后立即的愉悦自我评分低于 5 秒和 10 秒的拥抱。拥抱后立即的唤醒自我评分高于拥抱后几分钟后的评分。在研究 2 中，性别与手臂交叉方式有关，男性-男性拥抱对子与女性-女性拥抱对子表现出不同的拥抱方式。这些发现与之前的拥抱研究和触摸行为中的性别差异有关。
