Chen Rui, Favret Colin, Jiang Liyun, Wang Zhe, Qiao Gexia
Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
Cladistics. 2016 Oct;32(5):555-572. doi: 10.1111/cla.12141. Epub 2015 Sep 29.
Lachnine aphids are unusual among phytophagous insects because they feed on both leafy and woody parts of both angiosperm and conifer hosts. Despite being piercing-sucking phloem-feeders, these aphids are most speciose on woody parts of coniferous hosts. To evaluate the significance of this unusual biology on their evolution, we reconstructed the ancestral host and feeding site of the lachnine aphids and estimated important host shifts during their evolution. We sampled 78 species representing 14 of the 18 genera of Lachninae from Asia and North America. We performed parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood phylogenetic analyses of combined mitochondrial Cox1, Cox2, CytB and nuclear EF1a1 DNA sequences. We dated the resulting phylogram's important nodes using Bayesian methods and multiple fossil and secondary calibrations. Finally, we used parsimony and Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction to evaluate ancestral feeding ecology. Our results suggest the lachnine common ancestor fed on a woody part of an angiosperm host in the mid-Cretaceous. A shift to conifer hosts in the Late Cretaceous is correlated with a subsequent increased diversification in the Palaeogene, but a switch to leafy host tissues did not engender a similar burst of diversification. Extant lachnine lineages exhibit the full range of historical association with their hosts: some appeared before, some concomitant with and some after the appearance of their hosts. We conclude our study by placing all the lachnine genera in five tribes.
松大蚜在植食性昆虫中很不寻常，因为它们以被子植物和针叶树寄主的叶部和木质部为食。尽管这些蚜虫是刺吸式韧皮部取食者，但它们在针叶树寄主的木质部上种类最为丰富。为了评估这种特殊生物学特性对其进化的重要性，我们重建了松大蚜的祖先寄主和取食部位，并估计了它们进化过程中的重要寄主转移。我们从亚洲和北美洲采集了代表松大蚜亚科18个属中14个属的78个物种。我们对线粒体Cox1、Cox2、CytB和核EF1a1 DNA序列进行了简约法、贝叶斯法和似然法系统发育分析。我们使用贝叶斯方法以及多个化石和次生校准对所得系统发育树的重要节点进行了定年。最后，我们使用简约法和贝叶斯祖先状态重建来评估祖先取食生态。我们的结果表明，松大蚜的共同祖先在白垩纪中期以被子植物寄主的木质部为食。白垩纪晚期向针叶树寄主的转变与古近纪随后增加的多样化相关，但向叶部寄主组织的转变并没有引发类似的多样化爆发。现存的松大蚜谱系与其寄主呈现出全方位的历史关联：有些在其寄主出现之前出现，有些与寄主同时出现，有些在寄主出现之后出现。我们通过将所有松大蚜属归入五个族来结束我们的研究。
