Janies Daniel A, Pomeroy Laura W, Krueger Chris, Zhang Yuqi, Senturk Izzet F, Kaya Kamer, Çatalyürek Ümit V
Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, Ohio State University, A100 Sisson Hall, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
Cladistics. 2015 Dec;31(6):679-691. doi: 10.1111/cla.12107. Epub 2015 Jan 21.
Viruses of influenza A subtype H7 can be highly pathogenic and periodically infect humans. For example, there have been numerous outbreaks of H7 in the Americas and Europe since 1996. More recently, a reassortant H7N9 has emerged among humans and birds during 2013-2014 in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. This H7N9 genome consists of genetic segments that assort with H7 and H9 viruses previously circulating in chickens and wild birds in China and ducks in Korea. Epidemic risk modellers have used agricultural, climatic and demographic data to predict that the virus will spread to northern Vietnam via poultry. To shed light on the traffic of H7 viruses in general, we examine genetic segments of influenza that have assorted with many strains of H7 viruses dating back to 1902. We focus on use cases from the United States, Italy and China. We apply a novel metric, betweenness, an associated phylogenetic visualization technique, transmission networks, and compare these with another technique, route mapping. In contrast to traditional views, our results illustrate that segments that assort with H7 viruses are spread frequently between the Americas and Eurasia. In summary, genetic segments that historically assort with H7 influenza viruses have been spread from China to: Australia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Mongolia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the UK, the US, and Vietnam.
甲型H7亚型流感病毒具有高致病性，且会周期性感染人类。例如，自1996年以来，美洲和欧洲已多次爆发H7疫情。最近，一种重组H7N9病毒于2013年至2014年期间在中国内地、台湾和香港的人类和禽类中出现。这种H7N9病毒的基因组由一些基因片段组成，这些片段与此前在中国鸡和野生鸟类以及韩国鸭中传播的H7和H9病毒的基因片段进行了重配。疫情风险建模者利用农业、气候和人口数据预测，该病毒将通过家禽传播至越南北部。为了全面了解H7病毒的传播情况，我们研究了可追溯至1902年的、与多种H7病毒毒株重配的流感病毒基因片段。我们重点关注美国、意大利和中国的案例。我们应用了一种新的度量指标——介数中心性，以及一种相关的系统发育可视化技术——传播网络，并将其与另一种技术——路线图绘制进行比较。与传统观点不同的是，我们的研究结果表明，与H7病毒重配的基因片段在美洲和欧亚大陆之间频繁传播。总之，历史上与H7流感病毒重配的基因片段已从中国传播至：澳大利亚、捷克共和国、丹麦、埃及、德国、中国香港、意大利、日本、蒙古、荷兰、新西兰、巴基斯坦、南非、韩国、西班牙、瑞典、英国、美国和越南。
