Pereira April E, Kelly Megan O, Lu Xinyi, Risko Evan F
Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Memory. 2021 Nov 10:1-17. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1990347.
Offloading memory to external stores (e.g., a saved file) allows us to evade the limitations of our internal memory. One cost of this strategy is that the external memory store used may be accessible to others and, thus, may be manipulated. Here we examine how reducing the perceived reliability of an external memory store and manipulating one's expectation for future access to such a store can influence participants' susceptibility to its manipulation (i.e., endorsing manipulated information as authentic). Across three pre-registered experiments, participants were able to store to-be-remembered information in an external store. On a critical trial, we surreptitiously manipulated the information in that store. Results demonstrated that an explicit notification of a previous manipulation of that store and the warning that the store will be inaccessible in the future can decrease susceptibility to manipulation of that store. Results are discussed in the context of the metacognitive monitoring and control of memory reports in situations that involve the distribution of memory demands across both internal and external spaces.
将记忆卸载到外部存储（例如，一个保存的文件）使我们能够规避内部记忆的局限性。这种策略的一个代价是，所使用的外部记忆存储可能会被他人访问，因此可能会被操纵。在这里，我们研究了降低外部记忆存储的感知可靠性以及操纵人们对未来访问该存储的期望如何影响参与者对其操纵的易感性（即认可被操纵的信息为真实信息）。在三项预先注册的实验中，参与者能够将待记忆的信息存储到外部存储中。在一个关键试验中，我们偷偷地操纵了该存储中的信息。结果表明，明确通知该存储先前被操纵以及警告该存储在未来将无法访问，可以降低对该存储操纵的易感性。我们将在涉及记忆需求在内部和外部空间之间分配的情况下，对记忆报告进行元认知监测和控制的背景下讨论这些结果。
