Heitman Kristen, Fanelli Stephanie M, Taylor Christopher A
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Division of Medical Dietetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
J Am Nutr Assoc. 2023 Jan;42(1):85-93. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1994051. Epub 2021 Nov 11.
Snacking recommendations do not exist, yet snacks contribute substantially to daily energy intakes. While dietary intakes of adults in the United States vary by race/ethnicity, little is known about their snacking patterns. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of snacks stratified by race/ethnicity in adults who participated in the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Dietary data from 18,679 adults older than 19 years were assessed to examine differences in intakes from snacking occasions by self-identified race/ethnicity. Mean intakes were estimated for total snacking occasions, percentage of day, nutrient density per 100 kcals, and the average snack. Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) scores were computed for intakes from total day, snack only, and meals only. Analysis of covariance assessed differences between racial/ethnic groups. US Department of Agriculture food categories determined sources of snack foods. Data were weighted to create a nationally representative sample.
Asians consumed the least amount of daily energy in the form of snacks, while Blacks and Whites consumed the most. Mean intakes of saturated fats and added sugars consumed during snacking occasions were significantly lowest in Asians, and highest in Blacks and Whites. While total and percentage of daily intakes of sodium were lowest in Asians during snacking occasions, they had significantly lowest meal-only HEI sodium subscore, indicating higher sodium consumption of sodium during mealtimes.
Diet quality of snacks varies significantly by race/ethnicity. These data support the need for development of snacking recommendations with culturally appropriate dietary interventions.
目前尚无关于零食的推荐建议，然而零食在每日能量摄入中占比相当大。虽然美国成年人的饮食摄入量因种族/族裔而异，但对于他们的零食摄入模式却知之甚少。本研究的目的是评估参加2011 - 2018年国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）的成年人中，按种族/族裔分层的零食质量。
评估了18679名19岁以上成年人的饮食数据，以研究按自我认定的种族/族裔划分的零食摄入差异。估计了零食总摄入量、占每日百分比、每100千卡的营养密度以及平均每份零食的摄入量。计算了全天、仅零食和仅正餐摄入量的2015年健康饮食指数（HEI）得分。协方差分析评估了种族/族裔群体之间的差异。美国农业部食品类别确定了零食的来源。数据经过加权以创建具有全国代表性的样本。
亚洲人以零食形式摄入的每日能量最少，而黑人和白人摄入最多。亚洲人在零食摄入期间饱和脂肪和添加糖的平均摄入量显著最低，黑人和白人最高。虽然亚洲人在零食摄入期间钠的每日总摄入量和百分比最低，但他们仅正餐的HEI钠子得分显著最低，表明用餐时钠的摄入量较高。
零食的饮食质量因种族/族裔而异。这些数据支持制定具有文化适宜性饮食干预措施的零食推荐建议的必要性。
