Shukla Ishana, Kilpatrick A Marm, Beltran Roxanne S
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA.
Ecol Evol. 2021 Oct 6;11(21):14405-14415. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8073. eCollection 2021 Nov.
Mammals must carefully balance rest with other behaviors that influence fitness (e.g., foraging, finding a mate) while minimizing predation risk. However, factors influencing resting strategies and the degree to which resting strategies are driven by the activities of predators and/or prey remain largely unknown. Our goal was to examine how mammalian resting strategies varied with trophic level, body mass, and habitat. We reviewed findings from 127 publications and classified the resting strategies of terrestrial and aquatic mammalian species into three categories: social (e.g., resting in groups), temporal (e.g., resting during the day), or spatial (e.g., resting in burrows). Temporal strategies were most common (54% of cases), but the prevalence of strategies varied with body mass and among trophic levels. Specifically, lower trophic levels and smaller species such as rodents and lagomorphs used more spatial and social resting strategies, whereas top predators and larger species used mostly temporal resting strategies. Resting strategies also varied among habitat types (e.g., rainforest vs. grassland), but this was primarily because closely related species shared both habitats and resting strategies. Human presence also affected resting strategies at all trophic levels but most strongly influenced top predators through shifts in rest timing. Human-induced behavioral changes in rest patterns cascade to modify behaviors across multiple trophic levels. These findings advance our fundamental understanding of natural history and ecology in wild animals and provide a roadmap for future comparative studies.
哺乳动物必须在休息与其他影响适应性的行为（如觅食、寻找配偶）之间谨慎地保持平衡，同时将被捕食风险降至最低。然而，影响休息策略的因素以及休息策略在多大程度上受捕食者和/或猎物活动的驱动，在很大程度上仍不为人知。我们的目标是研究哺乳动物的休息策略如何随营养级、体重和栖息地而变化。我们回顾了127篇出版物的研究结果，并将陆生和水生哺乳动物物种的休息策略分为三类：社会性（如群体休息）、时间性（如白天休息）或空间性（如在洞穴中休息）。时间性策略最为常见（占54%），但这些策略的普遍程度随体重和营养级的不同而有所变化。具体而言，较低的营养级以及诸如啮齿动物和兔形目动物等较小的物种更多地采用空间性和社会性休息策略，而顶级捕食者和较大的物种大多采用时间性休息策略。休息策略在不同的栖息地类型（如雨林与草原）中也有所不同，但这主要是因为亲缘关系相近的物种共享这两种栖息地和休息策略。人类的存在也影响了所有营养级的休息策略，但对顶级捕食者的影响最为强烈，主要是通过休息时间的改变。人类导致的休息模式行为变化会层层递进，改变多个营养级的行为。这些发现推进了我们对野生动物自然史和生态学的基本理解，并为未来的比较研究提供了路线图。
