Martorell-Barceló Martina, Campos-Candela Andrea, Alós Josep
Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain.
Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
PeerJ. 2018 May 18;6:e4814. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4814. eCollection 2018.
The selective properties of fishing that influence behavioural traits have recently gained interest. Recent acoustic tracking experiments have revealed between-individual differences in the circadian behavioural traits of marine free-living fish; these differences are consistent across time and ecological contexts and generate different chronotypes. Here, we hypothesised that the directional selection resulting from fishing influences the wild circadian behavioural variation and affects differently to individuals in the same population differing in certain traits such as awakening time or rest onset time. We developed a spatially explicit social-ecological individual-based model (IBM) to test this hypothesis. The parametrisation of our IBM was fully based on empirical data; which represent a fishery formed by patchily distributed diurnal resident fish that are exploited by a fleet of mobile boats (mostly bottom fisheries). We ran our IBM with and without the observed circadian behavioural variation and estimated selection gradients as a quantitative measure of trait change. Our simulations revealed significant and strong selection gradients against early-riser chronotypes when compared with other behavioural and life-history traits. Significant selection gradients were consistent across a wide range of fishing effort scenarios. Our theoretical findings enhance our understanding of the selective properties of fishing by bridging the gaps among three traditionally separated fields: fisheries science, behavioural ecology and chronobiology. We derive some general predictions from our theoretical findings and outline a list of empirical research needs that are required to further understand the causes and consequences of circadian behavioural variation in marine fish.
捕鱼的选择特性对行为特征的影响最近引起了人们的关注。最近的声学跟踪实验揭示了海洋自由生活鱼类昼夜行为特征的个体间差异；这些差异在时间和生态环境中是一致的，并产生了不同的生物钟类型。在此，我们假设捕鱼导致的定向选择会影响野生鱼类的昼夜行为变化，并对同一群体中具有不同特征（如觉醒时间或休息开始时间）的个体产生不同影响。我们开发了一个基于空间明确的社会生态个体模型（IBM）来检验这一假设。我们的IBM参数化完全基于经验数据；这些数据代表了一个由分布零散的日间栖息鱼类组成的渔业，该渔业由一支移动船只（主要是底层渔业）捕捞。我们在有和没有观察到的昼夜行为变化的情况下运行我们的IBM，并估计选择梯度作为特征变化的定量指标。我们的模拟结果显示，与其他行为和生活史特征相比，针对早起生物钟类型存在显著且强烈的选择梯度。显著的选择梯度在广泛的捕捞努力场景中都是一致的。我们的理论发现通过弥合渔业科学、行为生态学和生物钟学这三个传统上相互分离的领域之间的差距，增强了我们对捕鱼选择特性的理解。我们从理论发现中得出了一些一般性预测，并概述了一系列实证研究需求，以进一步了解海洋鱼类昼夜行为变化的原因和后果。
