School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Nov 5;18(21):11634. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182111634.
Both cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness are significant correlates of physical and mental health. The exploration of innovative school-based PA intervention strategies to improve cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness is of great interest for researchers and school educators. This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of the coordinated-bilateral ball skills (CBBS) intervention in improving cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness among 4th-grade students.
This study used a two-arm, quasi-experimental research design. The students ( = 347) in the intervention group received 16-weeks of CBBS intervention lessons in basketball and soccer. The students ( = 348) in the comparison group received 16-weeks of regular basketball and soccer lessons. All participants were pre- and post-tested with the d2 Test of Attention and the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test before and after the 16-week CBBS intervention. The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and linear mixed models.
The linear mixed models yielded a marginal significant interaction effect of time with the group in their concentration ( = 3.272, = 0.071) and a significant interaction effect of time with the group in their attention span ( = 4.836, = 0.028) while controlling for age and the baseline concentration score. The linear mixed model also revealed a significant main effect of time in focused attention ( = 550.096, = 0.000), attention accuracy ( = 61.542, = 0.000), and cardiorespiratory fitness ( = 28.145, = 0.000), but no significant interaction effect.
The CBBS group demonstrated a significant improvement in concentration performance and attention span over time, compared to the comparison group. Both groups improved their focused attention and attention accuracy as well as cardiorespiratory fitness over time. This study suggests that teaching ball skills in team sports for extended periods is instrumental to developing cognitive functions and cardiorespiratory fitness, though the CBBS lessons resulted in greater improvement in concentration performance and attention span.
认知功能和心肺适能都是身体和心理健康的重要相关因素。探索创新的基于学校的体育活动干预策略，以提高认知功能和心肺适能，这对研究人员和学校教育工作者来说非常感兴趣。本研究旨在检验协调双侧球技（CBBS）干预对提高四年级学生认知功能和心肺适能的效果。
本研究采用了双臂、准实验研究设计。干预组的学生（n=347）接受了 16 周的篮球和足球 CBBS 干预课程。对照组的学生（n=348）接受了 16 周的常规篮球和足球课程。所有参与者在 16 周的 CBBS 干预前后，都接受了 d2 注意力测试和渐进式有氧运动心血管耐力跑（PACER）测试。数据通过描述性统计和线性混合模型进行分析。
线性混合模型产生了一个边缘显著的时间与组间的交互作用，在他们的注意力集中方面（=3.272，p=0.071）和一个显著的时间与组间的交互作用，在他们的注意力持续时间方面（=4.836，p=0.028），同时控制了年龄和基线注意力集中分数。线性混合模型还显示了一个在集中注意力方面的显著的时间主效应（=550.096，p=0.000），注意力准确性（=61.542，p=0.000），和心肺适能（=28.145，p=0.000），但没有显著的交互作用。
与对照组相比，CBBS 组在注意力集中表现和注意力持续时间上表现出了显著的随时间的改善。两组都随着时间的推移提高了他们的集中注意力和注意力准确性以及心肺适能。本研究表明，在团队运动中教授球技并延长时间，对发展认知功能和心肺适能是有帮助的，尽管 CBBS 课程在注意力集中表现和注意力持续时间方面有更大的提高。
