Atkinson Graduate School of Management, Willamette University, Salem, OR, 97301, USA.
Center for Governance and Public Policy Research, Willamette University, Salem, OR, 97301, USA.
Commun Biol. 2021 Nov 12;4(1):1283. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02804-9.
We study a spatial, one-shot prisoner's dilemma (PD) model in which selection operates on both an organism's behavioral strategy (cooperate or defect) and its decision of when to implement that strategy, which we depict as an organism's choice of one point in time, out of a set of discrete time slots, at which to carry out its PD strategy. Results indicate selection for cooperators across various time slots and parameter settings, including parameter settings in which cooperation would not evolve in an exclusively spatial model-as in work investigating exogenously imposed temporal networks. Moreover, in the presence of time slots, cooperators' portion of the population grows even under different combinations of spatial structure, transition rules, and update dynamics, though rates of cooperator fixation decline under pairwise comparison and synchronous updating. These findings indicate that, under certain evolutionary processes, merely existing in time and space promotes the evolution of cooperation.
我们研究了一个空间单次囚徒困境（PD）模型，其中选择既作用于生物体的行为策略（合作或背叛），也作用于生物体决定何时实施该策略的时机，我们将其描述为生物体在一系列离散时间槽中选择一个时间点来执行其 PD 策略。结果表明，在各种时间槽和参数设置下都选择了合作者，包括在一个纯粹的空间模型中不会出现合作的参数设置，就像在研究外生时间网络的工作中一样。此外，即使在空间结构、转换规则和更新动态不同的组合下，只要存在时间槽，合作者的种群比例就会增加，尽管在成对比较和同步更新下合作者固定的速度会下降。这些发现表明，在某些进化过程中，仅仅存在于时间和空间中就可以促进合作的进化。
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