Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA, 2453, USA; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
Friends of Hanauma Bay, P.O. Box 25761, Honolulu, HI, 96825-07610, USA.
Chemosphere. 2022 Mar;291(Pt 2):132880. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132880. Epub 2021 Nov 12.
Hanauma Bay is a 101-acre bay created by the partial collapse of a volcanic cone and once supported a vibrant coral reef system. It is the most popular swimming area in the Hawaiian Islands and has been reported to have averaged between 2.8 and 3.5 million visitors a year between the 1980s and the 2010s, with visitors averaging between 3000-4000 a day and peaking around 10,000-13,000 per day. Concentrations of oxybenzone and other common UV filters were measured in subsurface water samples and in sands from the beach-shower areas in Hanauma Bay. Results demonstrate that beach showers also can be a source of sunscreen environmental contamination. Hydrodynamic modeling indicates that oxybenzone contamination within Hanauma Bay's waters could be retained between 14 and 50 h from a single release event period. Focusing on only oxybenzone, two different Hazard and Risk Assessment analyses were conducted to determine the danger of oxybenzone to Hanauma Bay's coral reef system. Results indicate that oxybenzone contamination poses a significant threat to the wildlife of Hanauma Bay. To recover Hanauma Bay's natural resources to a healthy condition and to satisfactorily conserve its coral reef and sea grass habitats, effective tourism management policies need to be implemented that mitigate the threat of sunscreen pollution.
恐龙湾是一个 101 英亩的海湾，由火山锥的部分坍塌形成，曾经拥有一个充满活力的珊瑚礁系统。它是夏威夷群岛最受欢迎的游泳区，据报道，在 20 世纪 80 年代至 2010 年代期间，每年的游客平均在 280 万至 350 万之间，平均每天有 3000 至 4000 名游客，高峰期每天约有 1 万至 1.3 万名游客。在恐龙湾的地下水样和海滩淋浴区的沙样中测量了氧苯酮和其他常见紫外线滤光剂的浓度。结果表明，海滩淋浴也可能是防晒霜环境污染的一个来源。水动力模型表明，单次释放事件期间，恐龙湾内的水可以保留 14 至 50 小时的氧苯酮污染。仅关注氧苯酮，进行了两次不同的危害和风险评估分析，以确定氧苯酮对恐龙湾珊瑚礁系统的危险。结果表明，氧苯酮污染对恐龙湾的野生动物构成了重大威胁。为了使恐龙湾的自然资源恢复到健康状态，并令人满意地保护其珊瑚礁和海草栖息地，需要实施有效的旅游管理政策，以减轻防晒霜污染的威胁。
