Amjadi Maya F, Adyniec Ryan R, Gupta Srishti, Bashar S Janna, Mergaert Aisha M, Braun Katarina M, Moreno Gage K, O'Connor David H, Friedrich Thomas C, Safdar Nasia, McCoy Sara S, Shelef Miriam A
medRxiv. 2021 Nov 8:2021.11.02.21265750. doi: 10.1101/2021.11.02.21265750.
The consequences of past COVID-19 infection for personal health and long-term population immunity are only starting to be revealed. Unfortunately, detecting past infection is currently a challenge, limiting clinical and research endeavors. Widely available anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests cannot differentiate between past infection and vaccination given vaccine-induced anti-spike antibodies and the rapid loss of infection-induced anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Anti-membrane antibodies develop after COVID-19, but their long-term persistence is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that anti-membrane IgG is a sensitive and specific marker of past COVID-19 infection and persists at least one year. We also confirm that anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) Ig is a long-lasting, sensitive, and specific marker of past infection and vaccination, while anti-nucleocapsid IgG lacks specificity and quickly declines after COVID-19. Thus, a combination of anti-membrane and anti-RBD antibodies can accurately differentiate between distant COVID-19 infection, vaccination, and naïve states to advance public health, individual healthcare, and research goals.
过去感染新冠病毒对个人健康和长期群体免疫的影响才刚刚开始显现。不幸的是，目前检测过去的感染情况是一项挑战，这限制了临床和研究工作。鉴于疫苗诱导的抗刺突抗体以及感染诱导的抗核衣壳抗体迅速消失，广泛可用的抗SARS-CoV-2抗体检测无法区分过去的感染和疫苗接种情况。新冠病毒感染后会产生抗膜抗体，但其长期持续性尚不清楚。在此，我们证明抗膜IgG是过去感染新冠病毒的敏感且特异的标志物，并且至少持续一年。我们还证实，抗受体结合域（RBD）Ig是过去感染和疫苗接种的持久、敏感且特异的标志物，而抗核衣壳IgG缺乏特异性，在新冠病毒感染后迅速下降。因此，抗膜抗体和抗RBD抗体的组合可以准确区分远期新冠病毒感染、疫苗接种和未感染状态，以推进公共卫生、个人医疗保健和研究目标。
