Center for Gambling Studies, Rutgers University, School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Gambling Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Addiction. 2022 Jul;117(7):2000-2008. doi: 10.1111/add.15745. Epub 2021 Nov 30.
The pathways model is a highly cited etiological model of problem gambling. In the past two decades, a number of studies have found support for the model's utility in classifying gambling subtypes. The aims of this paper were to refine empirically the model subtypes and to revise and update the model based on those findings.
Observational study using data collected from treatment-seeking problem gamblers using the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) and the Gambling Pathways Questionnaire (GPQ).
Treatment clinics in Canada, Australia and the United States.
A convenience sample of 1168 treatment-seeking problem gamblers, aged 18 years or older.
Empirically validated risk factors were analyzed using latent class analyses, identifying a three-class solution as the best-fitting model. Those in the largest class (class 1: 44.3%, n = 517) reported the lowest levels of all etiological risk factors. Participants in class 2 (39.5%, n = 461) reported the highest rates of anxiety and depression, both before and after gambling became a problem, as well as childhood maltreatment, and a high level of gambling for stress-coping. Those in class 3 (16.3%, n = 190) reported high levels of impulsivity; risk-taking, including sexual risk-taking; antisocial traits; and coping to provide meaning in life and to alleviate stress.
The revised pathways model of problem gambling includes three classes of gamblers similar to the three subtypes in the original pathways model, but class 3 in the revised pathways model is distinct from class 2, showing higher levels of risk-taking and antisocial traits and gambling motivated by a desire for meaning/purpose and/or to alleviate stress. Class 2 in the revised pathways model demonstrates high levels of childhood maltreatment as well as gambling for stress-coping.
路径模型是一种备受关注的问题赌博病因学模型。在过去的二十年中，许多研究都支持该模型在对赌博亚类进行分类方面的效用。本文的目的是根据这些发现，对该模型的亚类进行实证细化，并对其进行修订和更新。
使用从寻求治疗的问题赌徒那里收集的数据，采用问题赌博严重程度指数（PGSI）和赌博路径问卷（GPQ）进行观察性研究。
加拿大、澳大利亚和美国的治疗诊所。
一个方便的样本，由 1168 名寻求治疗的问题赌徒组成，年龄在 18 岁或以上。
使用潜在类别分析对经验验证的风险因素进行了分析，确定了三类别解决方案作为最佳拟合模型。在最大类别（类别 1：44.3%，n=517）中的个体报告了所有病因风险因素的最低水平。类别 2（39.5%，n=461）的参与者报告了在赌博成为问题之前和之后的焦虑和抑郁发生率最高，以及儿童期虐待和高程度的压力应对性赌博。类别 3（16.3%，n=190）的参与者报告了高水平的冲动性；冒险行为，包括性冒险行为；反社会特征；以及为了提供生活意义和减轻压力而赌博。
修订后的问题赌博路径模型包括与原始路径模型中的三个亚类相似的三个赌徒类别，但修订后的路径模型中的类别 3 与类别 2 不同，表现出更高的冒险行为和反社会特征，以及为了寻求意义/目的和/或减轻压力而赌博的动机。修订后的路径模型中的类别 2 显示出较高水平的儿童期虐待以及为了应对压力而赌博。
