Hoicka Elena, Soy Telli Burcu, Prouten Eloise, Leckie George, Browne William J, Mireault Gina, Fox Claire
School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1JA, UK.
Psychology, Nevşehir Haci Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey.
Behav Res Methods. 2022 Aug;54(4):1928-1953. doi: 10.3758/s13428-021-01704-4. Epub 2021 Nov 18.
We created a 20-item parent-report measure of humor development from 1 to 47 months: the Early Humor Survey (EHS). We developed the EHS with Study 1 (N = 219) using exploratory factor analysis, demonstrating the EHS works with 1- to 47-month-olds with excellent reliability and a strong correlation with age, showing its developmental trajectory. We replicated the EHS with Study 2 (N = 587), revealing a one-factor structure, showing excellent reliability, and replicating a strong correlation with age. Study 3 (N = 84) found the EHS correlated with a humor experiment, however it no longer correlated once age was accounted for, suggesting low convergent validity. Subsamples of parents from Studies 2 and 3 showed excellent inter-observer reliability between both parents, and good longitudinal stability after 6 months. Combining participants from all studies, we found the EHS is reliable across countries (Australia, United Kingdom, United States), parent education levels, and children's age groups. We charted expected humor development by age (in months), and the expected proportion of children who would appreciate each humor type by age (in months). Finally, we found no demographic differences (e.g., country: Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States; parents' education) in humor when pooling all data. The EHS is a valuable tool that will allow researchers to understand how humor: (1) emerges; and (2) affects other aspects of life, e.g., making friends, coping with stress, and creativity. The EHS is helpful for parents, early years educators, and children's media, as it systematically charts early humor development.
我们创建了一个包含20个项目的家长报告式测量工具，用于评估1至47个月儿童的幽默发展情况：早期幽默调查（EHS）。在研究1（N = 219）中，我们使用探索性因素分析开发了EHS，结果表明EHS适用于1至47个月大的儿童，具有出色的信度，且与年龄呈强相关，显示出其发展轨迹。在研究2（N = 587）中，我们对EHS进行了复制，揭示了单因素结构，显示出出色的信度，并再次验证了与年龄的强相关性。研究3（N = 84）发现EHS与一个幽默实验相关，但在考虑年龄因素后不再相关，这表明其收敛效度较低。研究2和研究3的家长子样本显示，父母双方之间具有出色的观察者间信度，且6个月后具有良好的纵向稳定性。综合所有研究的参与者，我们发现EHS在不同国家（澳大利亚、英国、美国）、家长教育水平和儿童年龄组中都具有可靠性。我们绘制了按年龄（月）预期的幽默发展情况，以及按年龄（月）预期欣赏每种幽默类型的儿童比例。最后，我们在汇总所有数据时发现，在幽默方面不存在人口统计学差异（例如，国家：澳大利亚、加拿大、英国、美国；父母教育程度）。EHS是一个有价值的工具，将使研究人员能够了解幽默：（1）如何出现；以及（2）如何影响生活的其他方面，例如交朋友、应对压力和创造力。EHS对家长、幼儿教育工作者和儿童媒体都有帮助，因为它系统地描绘了早期幽默发展情况。
