巴基斯坦麻疯树籽油生物柴油生产的环境可持续性评估。
Environmental sustainability assessment of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. seeds oil in Pakistan.
机构信息
College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia.
Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Haripur, Haripur City, KP, Pakistan.
出版信息
PLoS One. 2021 Nov 18;16(11):e0258409. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258409. eCollection 2021.
According to IPCC Annual Report (AR-5), environmental impact assessment of any product prototype is recommended before its large-scale commercialization; however, no environmental profile analysis of any biodiesel prototype has been conducted in Pakistan. Therefore, objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA), water footprint and cumulative energy demand (CED) of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. (JC) seeds oil in Pakistan. A cradle-to-gate LCA approach was applied for 400 liter (L) JC biodiesel produced in Pakistan. JC biodiesel production chain was divided into three stages i.e., 1). cultivation of JC crop 2). crude oil extraction from JC seeds and 3). crude oil conversion to biodiesel. Primary data for all the stages were acquired through questionnaire surveys, field visits and measurements in the field. Potential environmental impacts were calculated in SimaPro v.9.2 software using Eco-indicator 99 methodology. Results showed that crude oil extraction stage accounted for highest emissions (77%) to the overall environmental impact categories evaluated, followed by oil conversion stage (21%) and JC cultivation stage (02%), respectively. The three stages of JC biodiesel production chain are major contributor to ecotoxicity with a contribution of 57% to this impact category. Higher contribution to ecotoxicity was due to agrochemicals used in the JC cultivation. Similarly, fossil fuels impact category was responsible for 38% of overall environmental impacts. In addition, water footprint of JC biodiesel production chain was 2632.54 m3/reference unit. Cumulative energy required for 400L JC biodiesel production chain was 46745.70 MJ in Pakistan. Fossil diesel consumption, synthetic fertilizers use and purchased electricity were major hotspot sources to environmental burdens caused by JC biodiesel production in Pakistan. By performing sensitivity analysis at 20% reduction of the baseline values of fossil diesel used, synthetic fertilizers and purchased electricity, a marked decrease in environmental footprint was observed. It is highly recommended that use of renewable energy instead of fossil energy would provide environmental benefits such as lower greenhouse gases and other toxic emissions as compared to conventional petroleum fuels. It is also recommended that JC as a biofuel plant, has been reported to have many desired characteristics such as quick growth, easy cultivation, drought resistance, pest and insect resistance, and mainly great oil content in JC seeds (27-40%). Therefore, JC plant is highly recommended to Billion Tree Afforestation Project (BTAP) for plantation on wasteland because it has multipurpose benefits.
根据政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）年度报告（AR-5），建议在大规模商业化之前对任何产品原型进行环境影响评估；然而，巴基斯坦尚未对任何生物柴油原型进行环境概况分析。因此，本研究的目的是对巴基斯坦麻疯树（Jatropha curcas L.）种子油生产生物柴油进行全面的生命周期评估（LCA）、水足迹和累积能源需求（CED）。采用从摇篮到大门的 LCA 方法，对巴基斯坦生产的 400 升（L）麻疯树生物柴油进行了研究。麻疯树生物柴油生产链分为三个阶段：1）麻疯树作物的种植，2）从麻疯树种子中提取原油，3）原油转化为生物柴油。所有阶段的原始数据均通过问卷调查、实地考察和实地测量获得。使用 SimaPro v.9.2 软件中的生态指标 99 方法，在 Simapro 中计算潜在的环境影响。结果表明，原油提取阶段对评估的所有环境影响类别造成的排放（77%）最高，其次是油转化阶段（21%）和麻疯树种植阶段（02%）。麻疯树生物柴油生产链的三个阶段是生态毒性的主要贡献者，对这一影响类别贡献了 57%。较高的生态毒性是由于在麻疯树种植中使用了农药。同样，化石燃料对环境的影响类别对整体环境影响的贡献率为 38%。此外，麻疯树生物柴油生产链的水足迹为 2632.54m3/参考单位。在巴基斯坦，生产 400L 麻疯树生物柴油链所需的累积能量为 46745.70MJ。化石柴油消耗、合成化肥使用和外购电力是导致巴基斯坦麻疯树生物柴油生产环境负担的主要热点来源。通过对使用的化石柴油、合成化肥和外购电力的基线值降低 20%进行敏感性分析，发现环境足迹明显减少。强烈建议使用可再生能源代替化石能源，因为与传统石油燃料相比，可再生能源可提供降低温室气体和其他有毒排放等环境效益。还建议将麻疯树作为生物燃料植物，因为它具有许多理想的特性，如生长迅速、易于种植、耐旱、抗虫害和抗病虫害，以及麻疯树种子中含有较高的油含量（27-40%）。因此，麻疯树被高度推荐用于百万植树造林计划（BTAP），在荒地种植，因为它具有多种用途。
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