Diefenderfer Heida L, Steyer Gregory D, Harwell Matthew C, LoSchiavo Andrew J, Neckles Hilary A, Burdick David M, Johnson Gary E, Buenau Kate E, Trujillo Elene, Callaway John C, Thom Ronald M, Ganju Neil K, Twilley Robert R
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, WA.
College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Front Ecol Environ. 2020 Oct 29;19(2):108-117. doi: 10.1002/fee.2274.
International efforts to restore degraded ecosystems will continue to expand over the coming decades, yet the factors contributing to the effectiveness of long-term restoration across large areas remain largely unexplored. At large scales, outcomes are more complex and synergistic than the additive impacts of individual restoration projects. Here, we propose a cumulative-effects conceptual framework to inform restoration design and implementation and to comprehensively measure ecological outcomes. To evaluate and illustrate this approach, we reviewed long-term restoration in several large coastal and riverine areas across the US: the greater Florida Everglades; Gulf of Mexico coast; lower Columbia River and estuary; Puget Sound; San Francisco Bay and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta; Missouri River; and northeastern coastal states. Evidence supported eight modes of cumulative effects of interacting restoration projects, which improved outcomes for species and ecosystems at landscape and regional scales. We conclude that cumulative effects, usually measured for ecosystem degradation, are also measurable for ecosystem restoration. The consideration of evidence-based cumulative effects will help managers of large-scale restoration capitalize on positive feedback and reduce countervailing effects.
在未来几十年里，国际社会为恢复退化生态系统所做的努力将持续扩大，但大面积长期恢复成效的影响因素在很大程度上仍未得到探索。在大尺度上，其结果比单个恢复项目的累加影响更为复杂且具有协同作用。在此，我们提出一个累积效应概念框架，以为恢复设计与实施提供参考，并全面衡量生态结果。为评估和阐释该方法，我们回顾了美国几个大型沿海和河流区域的长期恢复情况：大佛罗里达湿地；墨西哥湾沿岸；哥伦比亚河下游及河口；普吉特海湾；旧金山湾及萨克拉门托 - 圣华金河三角洲；密苏里河；以及美国东北沿海诸州。有证据支持相互作用的恢复项目产生累积效应的八种模式，这些模式在景观和区域尺度上改善了物种和生态系统的状况。我们得出结论，通常针对生态系统退化进行衡量的累积效应，对于生态系统恢复也是可衡量的。考虑基于证据的累积效应将有助于大规模恢复项目的管理者利用积极反馈并减少抵消效应。
