尼日利亚自闭症谱系障碍儿童父母内化污名现象的混合方法研究。
Internalization of stigma among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Nigeria: a mixed method study.
机构信息
Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
Department of Community Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.
出版信息
BMC Psychol. 2021 Nov 21;9(1):182. doi: 10.1186/s40359-021-00687-3.
BACKGROUND
Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) has uniquely stigmatizing aspects because children with ASD have no physical markers of their condition. Parents are usually blamed and judgment from others is often internalized (felt stigma).
AIM
This study was conducted to determine knowledge about ASD, negative experiences (enacted stigma), internalization of stigma (felt or self stigma) and its correlates among parents of children with ASD in Lagos, Nigeria.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study of 230 parents in Lagos, Nigeria employing mixed-method data collection methods. Quantitative data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed with Epi- Info™ version 7.0 statistical package. Data were summarized with proportions, mean and standard deviation. Chi square and Spearman's correlation tests were done, and the level of significance was pre-determined at 5% (p < 0.05). In-depth interviews were also conducted among six parents to further explore the topic. The interviews were analyzed narratively.
RESULTS
The proportion of mothers and fathers were 175 (76.1%) and 55 (23.9%) respectively. The mean age of respondents was 42 ± 8.5 years. Overall knowledge of ASD was very poor as only 3(1.3%) had good knowledge. Overall, 122(53%) usually had negative experience of parenting a child with ASD (enacted stigma), mothers (17.1%) more than fathers (9.1%). Majority 192(83.5%) internalized stigma. There was a low-moderate correlation between 'enacted' stigma and 'internalized' stigma (ρ- 0.400, p < 0.001). From in-depth interviews, many parents revealed that their child's condition had negative effects on the family. Many also recounted negative experience of stigma.
CONCLUSION
Overall, parents of children with ASD had poor knowledge of the condition. Majority internalized stigma and this increases with negative treatment from others. Parents should be properly educated about ASD. Community-based education to increase awareness about ASD in addition to encouraging people to show empathy and reduce stigmatizing behaviour towards parents of children with ASD are recommended.
背景
自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）具有独特的污名化方面，因为 ASD 儿童没有其病情的身体标志物。父母通常会受到指责，而来自他人的评判往往会被内化（感到耻辱）。
目的
本研究旨在确定尼日利亚拉各斯 ASD 儿童父母对 ASD 的了解程度、负面经历（实施污名）、污名内化（感觉或自我污名）及其相关性。
方法
这是一项在尼日利亚拉各斯进行的 230 名父母的横断面研究，采用混合方法数据收集方法。使用结构化访谈者管理的问卷收集定量数据，并使用 Epi-Info™ 版本 7.0 统计软件包进行分析。使用比例、均值和标准差进行数据汇总。进行了卡方检验和斯皮尔曼相关检验，显著性水平预先设定为 5%（p < 0.05）。还对六名家长进行了深入访谈，以进一步探讨这一主题。对访谈进行了叙述性分析。
结果
母亲和父亲的比例分别为 175（76.1%）和 55（23.9%）。受访者的平均年龄为 42 ± 8.5 岁。总体而言，对 ASD 的了解非常有限，只有 3 人（1.3%）有很好的了解。总体而言，122 名（53%）父母通常在养育 ASD 儿童方面有负面体验（实施污名），母亲（17.1%）比父亲（9.1%）更多。大多数父母（83.5%）内化了污名。“实施”污名和“内化”污名之间存在低度中度相关性（ρ=0.400，p<0.001）。从深入访谈中，许多父母表示，孩子的病情对家庭产生了负面影响。许多人还讲述了被污名化的负面经历。
结论
总体而言，ASD 儿童的父母对该病症的了解程度较差。大多数父母内化了污名，并且随着来自他人的负面待遇而增加。应向父母提供有关 ASD 的适当教育。建议开展基于社区的教育，提高人们对 ASD 的认识，鼓励人们表现出同理心，并减少对 ASD 儿童父母的污名化行为。
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