Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Krakow, Poland.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 May;25(14):13709-13718. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-1589-y. Epub 2018 Mar 4.
Effect of tourism, especially skiing activities, and urbanization on chemical and biochemical properties of soils in touristy town-Zakopane-was investigated. The concentration of heavy metals, nutrients, soil organic matter (SOM), dehydrogenase (DHA), invertase (IA) and urease (Ure) activities in soils from the town centre and out of the town centre was compared with the respective values of adjacent soils in protected areas (TNP). In order to evaluate a degree of contamination and risks of degradation enrichment factor (EF), ecological risk index (RI), Nemerov Pollution Index (PI) as well as enzyme activity index (EAI) were calculated. Soils in the centre of Zakopane were polluted with Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu in a moderate degree when those of skiing areas were polluted with Pb and Cd in a high degree. Strong positive correlation between these metals and negative correlation between them and a distance from the main roundabout in town indicated their anthropogenic origin. Soils of both locations were also enriched in P, but depleted in SOM when compared to TNP soils. Soils of touristy areas (out of the centre) were additionally enriched in N. Activity of studied enzymes was also lowered in soils of Zakopane when compared to soils of TNP. Pollution indices, RI, PI as well as EAI, indicated that soils of Zakopane are at risk of degradation. Soils of touristy areas are under stronger negative impact than soils of the centre because of the cumulative effect of transport of heavy metals from the city centre, pollution by skiing machinery and melting water from the artificial snow.
研究了旅游业，特别是滑雪活动和城市化对旅游城镇扎科帕内土壤的化学和生化特性的影响。比较了市中心和镇外土壤与保护区（TNP）相邻土壤中重金属、养分、土壤有机质（SOM）、脱氢酶（DHA）、转化酶（IA）和脲酶（Ure）活性的浓度。为了评估污染程度和退化风险，计算了富集因子（EF）、生态风险指数（RI）、内梅罗污染指数（PI）和酶活性指数（EAI）。当滑雪区的土壤受到高程度的 Pb 和 Cd 污染时，扎科帕内中心的土壤受到 Zn、Pb、Cd 和 Cu 的中度污染。这些金属之间存在强烈的正相关，它们与从镇中心的主要环岛的距离之间存在负相关，这表明它们具有人为起源。与 TNP 土壤相比，这两个位置的土壤也富含 P，但 SOM 含量较低。旅游区（市中心外）的土壤还额外富含 N。与 TNP 土壤相比，扎科帕内土壤中研究酶的活性也降低了。污染指数、RI、PI 和 EAI 表明，扎科帕内的土壤有退化的风险。由于重金属从市中心运输、滑雪机械污染和人造雪融化水的累积效应，旅游区的土壤受到的负面影响比市中心的土壤更强。
