Rahnev Dobromir
School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry Str. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Neurosci Conscious. 2021 Nov 15;2021(1):niab039. doi: 10.1093/nc/niab039. eCollection 2021.
Many studies have shown that confidence and accuracy can be dissociated in a variety of tasks. However, most of these dissociations involve small effect sizes, occur only in a subset of participants, and include a reaction time (RT) confound. Here, I develop a new method for inducing confidence-accuracy dissociations that overcomes these limitations. The method uses an external noise manipulation and relies on the phenomenon of criterion attraction where criteria for different tasks become attracted to each other. Subjects judged the identity of stimuli generated with either low or high external noise. The results showed that the two conditions were matched on accuracy and RT but produced a large difference in confidence (effect appeared for 25 of 26 participants, effect size: Cohen's = 1.9). Computational modeling confirmed that these results are consistent with a mechanism of criterion attraction. These findings establish a new method for creating conditions with large differences in confidence without differences in accuracy or RT. Unlike many previous studies, however, the current method does not lead to differences in subjective experience and instead produces robust confidence-accuracy dissociations by exploiting limitations in post-perceptual, cognitive processes.
许多研究表明，在各种任务中，信心和准确性可能会出现分离。然而，这些分离大多效应量较小，仅在一部分参与者中出现，并且存在反应时间（RT）混淆的问题。在此，我开发了一种诱导信心-准确性分离的新方法，该方法克服了这些局限性。该方法采用外部噪声操纵，并依赖于标准吸引现象，即不同任务的标准会相互吸引。受试者判断在低或高外部噪声条件下生成的刺激的身份。结果表明，两种条件在准确性和反应时间上相匹配，但在信心方面产生了很大差异（26名参与者中有25名出现了这种效应，效应量：科恩d值 = 1.9）。计算模型证实，这些结果与标准吸引机制一致。这些发现建立了一种新方法，可创造出信心差异大但准确性或反应时间无差异的条件。然而，与许多先前的研究不同，当前方法不会导致主观体验的差异，而是通过利用感知后认知过程中的局限性产生稳健的信心-准确性分离。
