School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jan 20;805:150407. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150407. Epub 2021 Sep 20.
In this study, driving trajectory data from private vehicles were collected in Toronto, Canada to construct representative local drive cycles. In addition, real-driving emission testing for four conventional gasoline vehicles (ICEV) and one hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) was conducted in the same region using a Portable Emissions Measurement System. Instantaneous fuel consumption and emissions of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NO), and Particle Number (PN) were measured. The results for all vehicles indicate that the acceleration state tends to generate the highest emissions and fuel consumption with the largest variation due to higher power demand. When accelerating, the HEV was observed to generate four times more CO emissions than some ICEVs. Instantaneous fuel consumption and emissions were analyzed as a function of operating modes to estimate the fuel efficiency (FE) and emission factors (EF) associated with six representative local drive cycles and four regulatory drive cycles. With most regulatory drive cycles, vehicles can reach the labeled FE and EPA emission limits, except under the New York City Cycle with frequent stop-and-go conditions. In contrast, except for highway cycles, the FE of Toronto-specific drive cycles can hardly meet the labeled values. CO EFs of the HEV can be higher than ICEVs, while it is lower than the emission limit by 42% on average. ICEVs may exceed the CO limit by 131% under local highway cycles, while they can violate NO and PN limits under local arterial cycles. The result of this study emphasizes the importance of local drive cycles and real driving emission tests.
在这项研究中，从加拿大多伦多的私人车辆中收集了行驶轨迹数据，以构建具有代表性的本地行驶循环。此外，在同一地区使用便携式排放测量系统对四辆传统汽油车（ICEV）和一辆混合动力电动汽车（HEV）进行了实际行驶排放测试。测量了瞬时燃料消耗和一氧化碳（CO）、氮氧化物（NO）和颗粒数（PN）的排放。所有车辆的结果表明，加速状态由于需要更高的功率，往往会产生最高的排放和燃料消耗，并且变化最大。在加速时，观察到 HEV 产生的 CO 排放量比某些 ICEV 高出四倍。对瞬时燃料消耗和排放进行了操作模式分析，以估算与六个代表性本地行驶循环和四个法规行驶循环相关的燃料效率（FE）和排放因子（EF）。对于大多数法规行驶循环，车辆可以达到标记的 FE 和 EPA 排放限值，除非在频繁停停走走的纽约市循环下。相比之下，除了高速公路循环外，多伦多特定行驶循环的 FE 几乎无法达到标记值。HEV 的 CO EF 可能高于 ICEV，但其平均比排放限值低 42%。在本地高速公路循环下，ICEV 可能会超过 CO 限值的 131%，而在本地动脉循环下，它们可能会违反 NO 和 PN 限值。这项研究的结果强调了本地行驶循环和实际行驶排放测试的重要性。
