Self-organizing neural network models for visual pattern recognition.

Two neural network models for visual pattern recognition are discussed. The first model, called a "neocognitron", is a hierarchical multilayered network which has only afferent synaptic connections. It can acquire the ability to recognize patterns by "learning-without-a-teacher": the repeated presentation of a set of training patterns is sufficient, and no information about the categories of the patterns is necessary. The cells of the highest stage eventually become "gnostic cells", whose response shows the final result of the pattern-recognition of the network. Pattern recognition is performed on the basis of similarity in shape between patterns, and is not affected by deformation, nor by changes in size, nor by shifts in the position of the stimulus pattern. The second model has not only afferent but also efferent synaptic connections, and is endowed with the function of selective attention. The afferent and the efferent signals interact with each other in the hierarchical network: the efferent signals, that is, the signals for selective attention, have a facilitating effect on the afferent signals, and at the same time, the afferent signals gate efferent signal flow. When a complex figure, consisting of two patterns or more, is presented to the model, it is segmented into individual patterns, and each pattern is recognized separately. Even if one of the patterns to which the models is paying selective attention is affected by noise or defects, the model can "recall" the complete pattern from which the noise has been eliminated and the defects corrected.