University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2021 Nov;221:103450. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103450. Epub 2021 Nov 22.
In dual tasking, two different kinds of between-task conflict occur. Because in both cases, Task 2 characteristics affect Task 1 performance, they are commonly referred to as backward crosstalk effects (BCE): One with a conflict at the response selection stage when Task 1 and Task 2 have dimensional overlap (the compatibility-based BCE) and one with a conflict at the motor execution stage when response inhibition resulting from a Task 2 no-go-trial interferes with simultaneous response execution in Task 1 (the no-go BCE). Recent research suggests that these BCEs differ not only in their underlying cognitive processes, but also in how cognitive control is regulated. Here, we investigated whether both can be produced in a single dual-task set up and whether they trigger their respective processing adjustments (i.e., a sequential modulation). In three experiments, participants categorized numbers as smaller or larger than 5 in Task 1. In Experiments 1 and 2, numbers were responded to irrespective of numerical size (go-response) as Task 2. Further, dimensional overlap was provided by (non)corresponding size information in both stimuli, which was strengthened in Experiment 2 by presenting S1 and S2 in the same/different color in compatible/incompatible trials, respectively. In Experiment 3, participants were required to perform a number-size categorization also in Task 2, establishing strong dimensional overlap by activating the same or different response categories in both tasks. In all three experiments, the number 5 served as the no-go stimulus in Task 2 to induce a no-go BCE on Task 1. By and large, our results show that both types of between-task conflicts not only occur within the same type of BCE, but they also trigger their respective sequential modulation.
在双重任务中，会发生两种不同类型的任务间冲突。由于在这两种情况下，任务 2 的特征都会影响任务 1 的表现，因此它们通常被称为反向串扰效应（BCE）：一种是在任务 1 和任务 2 存在维度重叠时，在反应选择阶段产生冲突（基于兼容性的 BCE），另一种是在任务 2 的禁止反应试验中，由于反应抑制而干扰任务 1 中同时进行的反应执行时，在运动执行阶段产生冲突（禁止 BCE）。最近的研究表明，这些 BCE 不仅在其潜在的认知过程中有所不同，而且在认知控制的调节方式上也有所不同。在这里，我们研究了它们是否可以在单个双重任务设置中同时产生，以及它们是否会触发各自的处理调整（即，顺序调制）。在三个实验中，参与者在任务 1 中对数字进行分类，将数字分类为小于 5 或大于 5。在实验 1 和 2 中，无论数字大小如何（go-反应），数字都被作为任务 2 的反应。此外，在两个刺激中都提供了维度重叠的非对应大小信息，在实验 2 中，通过在相容/不相容试验中分别将 S1 和 S2 呈现为相同/不同的颜色来增强这种重叠。在实验 3 中，要求参与者在任务 2 中也进行数字大小分类，通过在两个任务中激活相同或不同的反应类别来建立强烈的维度重叠。在所有三个实验中，数字 5 作为任务 2 的禁止刺激，在任务 1 上引发禁止 BCE。总的来说，我们的结果表明，这两种类型的任务间冲突不仅发生在同一类型的 BCE 中，而且还会触发各自的顺序调制。
