Huestegge Lynn, Pieczykolan Aleks, Janczyk Markus
Würzburg University, Department of Psychology, Germany.
Würzburg University, Department of Psychology, Germany.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2018 Jul;188:139-147. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.06.004. Epub 2018 Jun 19.
In dual-task situations, which often involve some form of sequential task processing, features of Task 2 were shown to affect Task 1 performance, a phenomenon termed "backward crosstalk effect" (BCE). Most previous reports of BCEs are based on manipulations of code compatibility between tasks, while there is no clear picture whether and how mere Task 2 response selection difficulty (in the absence of cross-task dimensional code overlap, including effector system overlap) may also affect Task 1 performance. In the present study, we systematically manipulated response-response (R1-R2) relation (compatible, incompatible, arbitrary) and the stimulus-response (S-R) relation in Task 2 (S2-R2: compatible, incompatible, arbitrary; i.e., a classic manipulation of Task 2 response selection difficulty) to study the impact of dimensional overlap and compatibility within and across tasks using an integrated stimulus for both a vocal Task 1 and a manual Task 2. Results revealed a replication of a classic (spatial) R1-R2 compatibility BCE (based on code compatibility), demonstrating that our paradigm is principally suited to capture typical BCEs. Importantly, conditions involving a removal of dimensional code overlap between tasks still yielded an effect of mere Task 2 response selection difficulty on Task 1 performance. Both types of BCEs (i.e., BCEs based on code compatibility and BCEs based on Task 2 difficulty) could be assumed to be rooted in anticipation of response selection difficulty triggered by stimuli indicating either R1-R2 or S2-R2 incompatibility. The results are in line with recent theoretical claims that anticipations of response characteristics (or effects) play an important role for BCEs in particular and for conflict resolution in action control in general.
在双任务情境中，这种情境通常涉及某种形式的顺序任务处理，研究表明任务2的特征会影响任务1的表现，这一现象被称为“反向串扰效应”（BCE）。之前关于反向串扰效应的大多数报告都是基于对任务之间代码兼容性的操作，而对于仅仅是任务2的反应选择难度（在不存在跨任务维度代码重叠的情况下，包括效应器系统重叠）是否以及如何影响任务1的表现，目前尚无清晰的认识。在本研究中，我们系统地操纵了任务2中的反应-反应（R1-R2）关系（兼容、不兼容、任意）和刺激-反应（S-R）关系（S2-R2：兼容、不兼容、任意；即对任务2反应选择难度的经典操作），以使用针对语音任务1和手动任务2的综合刺激来研究任务内和任务间维度重叠和兼容性的影响。结果显示了经典（空间）R1-R2兼容性反向串扰效应（基于代码兼容性）的重现，表明我们的范式主要适用于捕捉典型的反向串扰效应。重要的是，涉及消除任务之间维度代码重叠的条件仍然产生了仅仅是任务2反应选择难度对任务1表现的影响。可以认为这两种类型的反向串扰效应（即基于代码兼容性的反向串扰效应和基于任务2难度的反向串扰效应）都源于对由指示R1-R2或S2-R2不兼容的刺激引发的反应选择难度的预期。这些结果与最近的理论主张一致，即对反应特征（或效应）的预期对于反向串扰效应尤其重要，并且对于一般行动控制中的冲突解决也很重要。
