Justine Miner Professor of Addiction Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, MU3-E, Box 900, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0900, USA.
Professor and Vice Chair for Research, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10880 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
Med Clin North Am. 2022 Jan;106(1):81-97. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.010.
Extending from the triple wave epidemic of opioid-related overdose deaths, a fourth wave of high mortality involving methamphetamine and cocaine use has been gathering force. This article provides a review of the published literature on stimulants including epidemiology, pharmacology, neurobiology, medical and psychiatric consequences, withdrawal management, and medical and behavioral treatments.
从阿片类药物相关过量死亡的三重波浪式流行,涉及冰毒和可卡因使用的第四波高死亡率浪潮已经在聚集力量。本文对已发表的关于兴奋剂的文献进行了综述,包括流行病学、药理学、神经生物学、医学和精神病学后果、戒断管理以及医学和行为治疗。