Tuakli-Wosornu Yetsa A, Goutos Demetri, Ramia Ioana, Galea Natalie M, Mountjoy Margo, Grimm Katharina, Bekker Sheree
Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021 Nov 15;7(4):e001186. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001186. eCollection 2021.
A recognised imbalance of power exists between athletes and sporting institutions. Recent cases of systemic athlete abuse demonstrate the relationship between power disparities and harassment and abuse in sport. Embedding human rights principles into sporting institutions is a critical step towards preventing harassment and abuse in sport. In 2017, the World Players Association (WPA) launched the Universal Declaration of Player Rights. A year later, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) developed their Athletes' Rights and Responsibilities Declaration. These two documents codify benchmarks 'for international sporting organisations to meet their obligations to protect, respect and guarantee the fundamental rights of players'. This paper is the first project exploring athletes' knowledge, understanding and awareness of rights in the sports context. This study presents the development and validation of a survey investigating athletes' knowledge of these declarations, associated attitudes/beliefs and understanding of how these rights can be enacted in practice. The survey includes 10 statements of athlete rights based on the WPA and IOC declarations. Face validation was assessed by distributing the survey to 10 athletes and conducting qualitative interviews with a subgroup of four athletes. The survey was reworked into 13 statements, and the tool was validated with 611 responses through confirmatory factor analysis. Key findings include a weak correlation between athletes' knowledge and their attitudes/beliefs, and challenges with the interpretation of words such as 'pressure,' 'violence,' 'harassment' and 'intimidation.' This validation puts forward the first survey instrument to directly test athletes' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about rights in sport.
运动员与体育机构之间存在着公认的权力失衡。近期系统性运动员受虐事件表明了体育领域权力差距与骚扰及虐待行为之间的关联。将人权原则融入体育机构是预防体育领域骚扰和虐待行为的关键一步。2017年，世界运动员协会（WPA）发布了《运动员权利普遍宣言》。一年后，国际奥委会（IOC）制定了《运动员权利与责任宣言》。这两份文件编纂了国际体育组织履行保护、尊重和保障运动员基本权利义务的基准。本文是首个探索运动员在体育背景下对权利的认知、理解和意识的项目。本研究介绍了一项调查的开发与验证情况，该调查旨在探究运动员对这些宣言的了解、相关态度/信念以及对这些权利在实践中如何实施的理解。该调查包括基于WPA和IOC宣言的10条运动员权利声明。通过向10名运动员发放调查问卷并对其中4名运动员组成的子群体进行定性访谈来评估表面效度。调查问卷重新编写为13条声明，并通过验证性因素分析对611份回复进行工具效度验证。主要研究结果包括运动员的知识与他们的态度/信念之间的弱相关性，以及对“压力”“暴力”“骚扰”和“恐吓”等词语的解释存在挑战。此次效度验证提出了首个直接测试运动员对体育权利的知识、态度和信念的调查工具。
