Tuakli-Wosornu Yetsa A, Goutos Demetri, Ramia Ioana, Galea Natalie R, Mountjoy Margo Lynn, Grimm Katharina, Wu Yinfei, Bekker Sheree
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2022 Aug 16;8(3):e001406. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001406. eCollection 2022.
Modern sport safeguarding strategies include published global rights declarations that enshrine athletes' entitlements at the policy level. It is unclear how these documents translate to athletes' lived experiences. The study aimed to determine athletes' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about their human rights in sports settings.
Web-based survey.
1159 athletes from 70 countries completed a validated web-based survey. Over half of participants (60.1%) were between 18 and 29 years, currently competing (67.1%), not members of players' unions (54.6%), elite (60.0%) and participating in individual (55.8%) non-contact (75.6%) Olympic (77.9%) sports. Gender distribution was equal.
Participant demographics (eg, gender, age) and athletes' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about their human rights in sports settings.
Most (78.5%) were unaware of any athletes' rights declarations. Gender influenced participants' confidence in acting on their rights in sport significantly. Males were more likely to accept pressure from coaches and teammates than females, but age affected how likely males were to accept this pressure. Paralympic athletes were less likely to agree that violence is acceptable in sports, compared with Olympic. Player union membership increased confidence in freely expressing one's opinion in sports settings. Athletes' rights-related awareness, knowledge and beliefs were disconnected.
Awareness raising is not enough to prevent human rights violations in sports. The cultural climate of the entire ecosystem must be targeted, using systems-level strategies to shift stakeholders' biases, beliefs and behaviours. This approach takes the onus of addressing abuse off athletes' shoulders and places accountability on sports organisations.
现代体育保障策略包括已发布的全球权利宣言，这些宣言在政策层面确立了运动员的权利。目前尚不清楚这些文件如何转化为运动员的实际体验。本研究旨在确定运动员在体育环境中对其人权的认识、态度和信念。
基于网络的调查。
来自70个国家的1159名运动员完成了一项经过验证的基于网络的调查。超过一半的参与者（60.1%）年龄在18至29岁之间，目前仍在参赛（67.1%），不是运动员工会成员（54.6%），属于精英运动员（60.0%），参加个人项目（55.8%）、非接触性项目（75.6%）、奥运会项目（77.9%）。性别分布均衡。
参与者的人口统计学特征（如性别、年龄）以及运动员在体育环境中对其人权的认识、态度和信念。
大多数（78.5%）人不知道任何运动员权利宣言。性别对参与者在体育中维护自身权利的信心有显著影响。男性比女性更有可能接受教练和队友的压力，但年龄影响男性接受这种压力的可能性。与奥运会运动员相比，残奥会运动员不太可能认同暴力在体育中是可以接受的。加入运动员工会会增加在体育环境中自由表达意见的信心。运动员与权利相关的意识、知识和信念相互脱节。
提高认识不足以防止体育中的人权侵犯。必须针对整个生态系统的文化氛围，采用系统层面的策略来改变利益相关者的偏见、信念和行为。这种方法将解决虐待问题的责任从运动员肩上卸下，转而由体育组织承担责任。
