Lovos Annalysa, Bottrill Kenneth, Sakhon Stella, Nyhuis Casandra, Egleson Elizabeth, Luongo Alison, Murphy Melanie, Thurman Angela John, Abbeduto Leonard, Lee Nancy Raitano, Hughes Katharine, Edgin Jamie
Department of Psychology, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, College of Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
Statistics Department, Los Angeles Valley College, Van Nuys, Los Angeles, CA 91401, USA.
Brain Sci. 2021 Oct 25;11(11):1403. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11111403.
Across all ages, individuals with Down syndrome (DS) experience high rates of sleep problems as well as cognitive impairments. This study sought to investigate whether circadian rhythm disruption was also experienced by people with DS and whether this kind of sleep disorder may be correlated with cognitive performance. A cross-sectional study of 101 participants (58 with DS, 43 with typical development) included individuals in middle childhood (6-10 years old), adolescence (11-18 years old), and young adulthood (19-26 years old). Sleep and markers of circadian timing and robustness were calculated using actigraphy. Cognitive and behavioral data were gathered via a novel touchscreen battery (A-MAP, Arizona Memory Assessment for Preschoolers and Special Populations) and parent questionnaire. Results indicated that children and adolescents with DS slept the same amount as peers with typical development, but significant group differences were seen in phase timing. The circadian robustness markers, interdaily stability and intradaily variability of sleep-wake rhythms, were healthiest for children regardless of diagnostic group and worst for adults with DS. Amplitude of the 24-h activity profile was elevated for all individuals with DS. In analyses of the correlations between sleep quality, rhythms, and cognition in people with DS, interdaily stability was positively correlated with reaction time and negatively correlated with verbal and scene recall, a finding that indicates increased stability may paradoxically correlate with poorer cognitive outcomes. Further, we found no relations with sleep efficiency previously found in preschool and adult samples. Therefore, the current findings suggest that a thorough examination of sleep disorders in DS must take into account age as well as circadian robustness to better understand sleep-cognitive correlations in this group.
在所有年龄段中，唐氏综合征（DS）患者都存在较高的睡眠问题发生率以及认知障碍。本研究旨在调查DS患者是否也存在昼夜节律紊乱，以及这种睡眠障碍是否可能与认知表现相关。一项对101名参与者（58名DS患者，43名发育正常者）的横断面研究，涵盖了童年中期（6 - 10岁）、青少年期（11 - 18岁）和青年期（19 - 26岁）的个体。使用活动记录仪计算睡眠以及昼夜节律定时和稳健性的指标。通过一种新型触摸屏电池（A - MAP，亚利桑那州学龄前儿童和特殊人群记忆评估）和家长问卷收集认知和行为数据。结果表明，患有DS的儿童和青少年的睡眠时间与发育正常的同龄人相同，但在相位定时方面存在显著的组间差异。无论诊断组如何，昼夜节律稳健性指标，即睡眠 - 觉醒节律的日间稳定性和日内变异性，在儿童中最为健康，在患有DS的成年人中最差。所有DS患者的24小时活动曲线幅度均升高。在对DS患者的睡眠质量、节律和认知之间的相关性分析中，日间稳定性与反应时间呈正相关，与言语和场景回忆呈负相关，这一发现表明稳定性增加可能反常地与较差的认知结果相关。此外，我们未发现与先前在学龄前和成人样本中发现的睡眠效率的关系。因此，当前研究结果表明，对DS患者睡眠障碍的全面检查必须考虑年龄以及昼夜节律稳健性，以便更好地理解该群体中睡眠与认知的相关性。
