Dagenais Maude, Gerlach Jared Q, Wendt George R, Collins James J, Atkinson Louise E, Mousley Angela, Geary Timothy G, Long Thavy
Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
Glycoscience Group, Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
Pathogens. 2021 Oct 29;10(11):1401. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10111401.
Parasitic helminths are master manipulators of host immunity. Their strategy is complex and involves the release of excreted/secreted products, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). The protein and miRNA contents of EVs have been characterised for many parasitic helminths but, despite reports suggesting the importance of EV surface carbohydrate structures (glycans) in the interactions with target cells and thus subsequent effector functions, little is known about parasite EV glycomics. Using lectin microarrays, we identified several lectins that exhibit strong adhesion to EVs, suggesting the presence of multiple glycan structures on these vesicles. Interestingly, SNA-I, a lectin that recognises structures with terminal sialic acid, displayed strong affinity for EVs, which was completely abolished by neuraminidase treatment, suggesting sialylation in the EV sample. This finding is of interest, as sialic acids play important roles in the context of infection by aiding immune evasion, affecting target recognition, cell entry, etc., but are not thought to be synthesised by helminths. These data were validated by quantitative analysis of free sialic acid released from EVs following treatment with neuraminidase. Lectin histochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analyses on whole adult worms suggest the involvement of sub-tegumental cell bodies, as well as the digestive and excretory systems, in the release of EVs. These results support previous reports of EV biogenesis diversity in trematodes and potentially highlight new means of immune modulation and evasion employed by schistosomes.
寄生蠕虫是宿主免疫的主要操纵者。它们的策略很复杂,包括释放排泄/分泌产物,其中包括细胞外囊泡(EVs)。许多寄生蠕虫的EVs的蛋白质和miRNA含量已得到表征,但是,尽管有报道表明EV表面碳水化合物结构(聚糖)在与靶细胞相互作用以及随后的效应功能中很重要,但关于寄生虫EV糖组学却知之甚少。使用凝集素微阵列,我们鉴定了几种对EVs具有强烈粘附力的凝集素,这表明这些囊泡上存在多种聚糖结构。有趣的是,SNA-I是一种识别具有末端唾液酸结构的凝集素,对EVs表现出很强的亲和力,而神经氨酸酶处理可完全消除这种亲和力,这表明EV样品中存在唾液酸化。这一发现很有趣,因为唾液酸在感染过程中通过帮助免疫逃避、影响靶标识别、细胞进入等发挥重要作用,但人们认为它不是由蠕虫合成的。用神经氨酸酶处理后从EVs释放的游离唾液酸的定量分析验证了这些数据。对整个成虫进行的凝集素组织化学和荧光原位杂交分析表明,表皮下细胞体以及消化系统和排泄系统参与了EVs的释放。这些结果支持了之前关于吸虫中EV生物发生多样性的报道,并可能突出了血吸虫采用的免疫调节和逃避的新方式。