Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Avenida Marechal Campos, 1468, Bonfim, Vitória, Espirito Santo, 29047105, Brazil.
Graduate Program in Medicines and Pharmaceutical Services, Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270901, Brazil.
Res Social Adm Pharm. 2022 Aug;18(8):3263-3271. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.11.004. Epub 2021 Nov 15.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are considered essential tools to analyze spatially referenced health data.
The purpose of this scoping review is to describe how GIS is used in pharmacy specific health research.
During July 2020, the following databases were searched: EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science and Scopus. The search strategy included terms relating to spatial analysis and pharmacy. Studies were considered eligible if they involved the use of GIS and focused on pharmacies. A narrative and tabular synthesis of the results was carried out, structured around the spatial analysis methods utilized across studies, as well as the characteristics of pharmacies evaluated in studies.
After a review of 6967 sources, 48 studies were included in this review. Twenty-nine studies were conducted in the United States (60.4%) and thirty-six focused on accessibility (75.0%; n = 36). Twenty-two studies investigated the relationship between sociodemographic aspects of the population and the accessibility and availability of pharmacies (45.8%). Twelve studies (25.0%) performed distance analysis and six studies (12.5%) performed geostatistical analysis. Community pharmacies were the setting evaluated most frequently, with over-the-counter selling products being the most evaluated pharmacy variable (13.3%; n = 6). Population density (58.3%; n = 28), income indicators (43.8%; n = 21) and minority community composition rates (41.7%; n = 20) were the most used population variables.
GIS have been increasingly used in pharmacy specific health research. Generally, research has sought to identify potential barriers to access and their effects on the population. Future research may benefit by utilizing robust spatial methods and applications across countries outside of the United States. Doing so could help to confirm the impact of sociodemographic characteristics on the availability and/or accessibility of pharmacies globally.
地理信息系统（GIS）被认为是分析空间参考健康数据的重要工具。
本范围综述的目的是描述 GIS 在药学特定健康研究中的应用。
在 2020 年 7 月期间，搜索了以下数据库：EMBASE、MEDLINE（PubMed）、Web of Science 和 Scopus。搜索策略包括与空间分析和药学相关的术语。如果研究涉及 GIS 的使用并且专注于药房，则认为该研究符合条件。对结果进行了叙述性和表格性综合，围绕研究中使用的空间分析方法以及研究中评估的药房特征进行了结构。
在审查了 6967 个来源后，本综述纳入了 48 项研究。29 项研究在美国进行（60.4%），36 项研究侧重于可及性（75.0%；n=36）。22 项研究调查了人口的社会人口统计学方面与药房的可及性和可获得性之间的关系（45.8%）。12 项研究（25.0%）进行了距离分析，6 项研究（12.5%）进行了地质统计学分析。社区药房是评估最频繁的设置，评估最多的药房变量是非处方销售产品（13.3%；n=6）。人口密度（58.3%；n=28）、收入指标（43.8%；n=21）和少数民族社区构成率（41.7%；n=20）是使用最广泛的人口变量。
GIS 在药学特定健康研究中得到了越来越多的应用。一般来说，研究旨在确定获取障碍及其对人口的影响。未来的研究可能受益于在美国以外的国家使用强大的空间方法和应用。这样做可以帮助确认社会人口特征对全球药房的可及性和/或可获得性的影响。
