Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran.
Chemistry Department, Isfahan University, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran.
J Chromatogr A. 2022 Jan 4;1661:462612. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462612. Epub 2021 Oct 7.
Pesticides are used extensively in a wide range of applications and due to their high rate of consumption, they are ubiquitous in the different media and samples like environment, water sources, air, soil, biological materials, wastes (liquids, solids or sludges), vegetables and fruits, where they can persist for long periods. Pesticides often have hazardous side effects and can cause a range of harmful diseases like Parkinson, Alzheimer, asthma, depression and anxiety, cancer, etc, even at low concentrations. To this end, extraction, pre-concentration and determination of pesticides from various samples presents significant challenges caused by sample complexity and the low concentrations of them in many samples. Often, direct extraction and determination of pesticides are impossible due to their low concentrations and the complexity of samples. The main goals of sample preparation are removing interfering species, pre-concentrating target analyte/s and converting the analytes into more stable forms (when needed). The most popular approach is solid-phase extraction due to its simplicity, efficiency, ease of operation and low cost. This method is based on using a wide variety of materials, among which covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be identified as an emerging class of highly versatile materials exhibiting advantageous properties, such as a porous and crystalline structure, pre-designable structure, high physical and chemical stability, ease of modification, high surface area and high adsorption capacity. The present review will cover recent developments in synthesis and applications of COFs and their composites for extraction of pesticides, different synthesis approaches of COFs, possible mechanisms for interaction of COFs-based adsorbents with pesticides and finally, future prospects and challenges in the fabrication and utilization of COFs and their composites for extraction of pesticides.
农药被广泛应用于多种领域，由于其消耗量巨大，因此在环境、水源、空气、土壤、生物材料、废物（液体、固体或污泥）、蔬菜和水果等各种介质和样本中无处不在，它们可以在很长一段时间内存在。农药通常具有有害的副作用，并且可以导致一系列有害疾病，如帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、哮喘、抑郁和焦虑、癌症等，即使在低浓度下也是如此。为此，从各种样本中提取、预浓缩和测定农药存在着显著的挑战，这是由于样本的复杂性和许多样本中农药的低浓度造成的。由于其低浓度和样本的复杂性，通常不可能直接提取和测定农药。样品制备的主要目标是去除干扰物质，预浓缩目标分析物/并将分析物转化为更稳定的形式（在需要时）。最流行的方法是固相萃取，因为它简单、高效、易于操作且成本低。这种方法基于使用各种材料，其中共价有机框架（COFs）可以被确定为一类新兴的多功能材料，具有有利的性质，如多孔和结晶结构、可预先设计的结构、高物理和化学稳定性、易于修饰、高表面积和高吸附能力。本综述将涵盖 COFs 及其复合材料在农药萃取方面的最新发展，包括 COFs 的不同合成方法、可能的 COFs 基吸附剂与农药相互作用的机制，以及 COFs 和它们的复合材料在农药萃取方面的未来前景和挑战。
