Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2022 Feb;175:113172. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113172. Epub 2021 Nov 26.
Istanbul needs to be protected and constantly monitored water resources due to its increasing population and the decrease in precipitation. This study aims to comprehensively reveal surface sediments collected from reservoirs that supply water to Istanbul concerning POPs (PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs) and heavy metals; to identify possible sources of PAHs, and conduct their ecological risk assessment. Pollution indices in this study were used as contamination degree (CD) contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (I), pollution load index (PLI) and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). Total PAH concentrations of surface sediments at the sampling points ranged from 46.29 ng/g (A7) to 403.9 ng/g (A15). Benzo(b)fluoranthene (5.647-59.42 ng/g), Pyrene (3.625-83.10 ng/g), Fluoranthene (3.363-66.48 ng/g), Phenanthrene (3.115-52.48 ng/g), Chrysene (3.532-43.98 ng/g), Naphthalene (6.606-36.20 ng/g), Benzo(g,h,i)perylene (3.316-41.73 ng/g) and Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (3.453-38.84 ng/g) are the dominant PAH compounds. PAH pollution may be caused by the village-town settlements near the dam and the O7-D020 highway. Total OCP concentration ranged from 2.233 ng/g (A12) to 7.337 ng/g (A1), while total PCB concentration ranged from 0.246 ng/g (A13) to 3.708 ng/g (A1). The lowest total OCP and PCB concentrations were found in surface sediments taken from Kazandere, Papuçdere and Alibey Dam lakes. DDT p,p (0.072-5.177 ng/g) has the highest concentration among all sediment samples. While the most dominant OCP compounds in the samples were DDT p,p, DDE p,p and DDD p,p, HCH alpha, HCH beta, respectively, PCB 153, 138 and 180 were the highest detected PCB congeners in the same samples. Total heavy metal concentration varied from 77,812 mg/kg to 267,072 mg/kg. According to PAH diagnostic analysis, the surface sediments of Terkos, Büyükçekmece, Elmalı, Darlık, Sazlıdere, Alibey and Ömerli Dams were polluted by petrogenic sources, while the surface sediments of Kazandere and Papuçdere Dams were affected by pyrogenic sources. None of the levels of POPs in the samples exceeded the ERM values. Slight and moderate contamination of heavy metals, such as Pb and Zn, were present in most of the sampling points according to CD, CF, PLI and I values. The quality criteria of heavy metals showed that almost all of the sampling points had Cd, Pb and Hg concentrations below the ERL values. The Ni concentrations at most of the sampling points significantly exceeded the ERM values. The concentrations of As, Cr, Cu and especially Ni and Zn exhibit a significant toxic risk to aquatic organisms to sediment quality criteria.
伊斯坦布尔由于其人口增长和降水量减少，需要保护和持续监测水资源。本研究旨在全面揭示为伊斯坦布尔供水的水库中采集的表层沉积物中持久性有机污染物（多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药）和重金属的情况；确定多环芳烃的可能来源，并对其进行生态风险评估。本研究中使用的污染指数有污染程度（CD）、污染因子（CF）、地积累指数（I）、污染负荷指数（PLI）和沉积物质量指南（SQGs）。表层沉积物中总多环芳烃浓度范围为 46.29ng/g（A7）至 403.9ng/g（A15）。苯并（b）荧蒽（5.647-59.42ng/g）、苊烯（3.625-83.10ng/g）、荧蒽（3.363-66.48ng/g）、芘（3.115-52.48ng/g）、屈（3.532-43.98ng/g）、萘（6.606-36.20ng/g）、苯并（g,h,i）苝（3.316-41.73ng/g）和茚并（1,2,3-c,d）芘（3.453-38.84ng/g）是主要的多环芳烃化合物。多环芳烃污染可能是由于大坝附近的村庄和 O7-D020 公路造成的。总有机氯农药浓度范围为 2.233ng/g（A12）至 7.337ng/g（A1），而总多氯联苯浓度范围为 0.246ng/g（A13）至 3.708ng/g（A1）。在 Kazandere、Papuçdere 和 Alibey 大坝湖泊采集的表层沉积物中，总有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度最低。所有沉积物样品中，滴滴涕 p,p（0.072-5.177ng/g）的浓度最高。而在这些样品中，最主要的有机氯农药化合物是滴滴涕 p,p、滴滴涕 p,p 和滴滴涕 p,p，六六六 a、六六六 b，分别是最高检出的多氯联苯同系物。重金属总浓度范围为 77812mg/kg 至 267072mg/kg。根据多环芳烃诊断分析，Terkos、Büyükçekmece、Elmalı、Darlık、Sazlıdere、Alibey 和 Ömerli 大坝的表层沉积物受到源自石油的污染，而 Kazandere 和 Papuçdere 大坝的表层沉积物则受到源自煤炭的污染。样品中没有一种持久性有机污染物的水平超过 ERM 值。根据 CD、CF、PLI 和 I 值，大多数采样点的 Pb 和 Zn 等重金属存在轻微和中度污染。重金属质量标准表明，几乎所有采样点的 Cd、Pb 和 Hg 浓度均低于 ERL 值。大多数采样点的 Ni 浓度明显超过 ERM 值。As、Cr、Cu 和特别是 Ni 和 Zn 的浓度对水生生物具有显著的毒性风险，超过了沉积物质量标准。
