Institute for Design and Control of Mechatronical Systems, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, County Dublin, Ireland.
PLoS One. 2021 Dec 1;16(12):e0260226. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260226. eCollection 2021.
The recent uptake in popularity in vehicles with zero tailpipe emissions is a welcome development in the fight against traffic induced airborne pollutants. As vehicle fleets become electrified, and tailpipe emissions become less prevalent, non-tailpipe emissions (from tires and brake disks) will become the dominant source of traffic related emissions, and will in all likelihood become a major concern for human health. This trend is likely to be exacerbated by the heavier weight of electric vehicles, their increased power, and their increased torque capabilities, when compared with traditional vehicles. While the problem of emissions from tire wear is well-known, issues around the process of tire abrasion, its impact on the environment, and modelling and mitigation measures, remain relatively unexplored. Work on this topic has proceeded in several discrete directions including: on-vehicle collection methods; vehicle tire-wear abatement algorithms and controlling the ride characteristics of a vehicle, all with a view to abating tire emissions. Additional approaches include access control mechanisms to manage aggregate tire emissions in a geofenced area with other notable work focussing on understanding the particle size distribution of tire generated PM, the degree to which particles become airborne, and the health impacts of tire emissions. While such efforts are already underway, the problem of developing models to predict the aggregate picture of a network of vehicles at the scale of a city, has yet to be considered. Our objective in this paper is to present one such model, built using ideas from Markov chains. Applications of our modelling approach are given toward the end of this note, both to illustrate the utility of the proposed method, and to illustrate its application as part of a method to collect tire dust particles.
最近，零尾气排放车辆的普及是对抗交通引起的空气污染物的一个可喜的发展。随着车辆车队的电气化，尾气排放变得不那么普遍，非尾气排放（来自轮胎和刹车盘）将成为与交通相关排放的主要来源，并且很可能成为人类健康的主要关注点。与传统车辆相比，电动汽车的重量增加、功率增加和扭矩能力增加，可能会加剧这种趋势。虽然轮胎磨损产生的排放问题是众所周知的，但轮胎磨损过程、对环境的影响以及建模和缓解措施等问题仍然相对未得到探索。这个主题的研究已经朝着几个不同的方向进行，包括：车载收集方法；车辆轮胎磨损缓解算法和控制车辆行驶特性，所有这些都是为了减少轮胎排放。其他方法包括访问控制机制，以管理地理围栏区域内的轮胎总排放量，其他值得注意的工作则集中在理解轮胎产生的 PM 的粒径分布、颗粒成为空气传播的程度以及轮胎排放的健康影响。虽然已经在进行这样的努力，但尚未考虑开发用于预测城市规模网络中所有车辆的总体情况的模型的问题。我们在本文中的目标是提出一个这样的模型，该模型使用马尔可夫链的思想构建。在本说明的最后给出了我们的建模方法的应用，既说明了所提出的方法的实用性，也说明了它作为收集轮胎粉尘颗粒方法的一部分的应用。
