Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2013 Feb;63(2):136-49. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2012.741055.
Road transport emissions are a major contributor to ambient particulate matter concentrations and have been associated with adverse health effects. Therefore, these emissions are targeted through increasingly stringent European emission standards. These policies succeed in reducing exhaust emissions, but do not address "nonexhaust" emissions from brake wear, tire wear, road wear and suspension in air of road dust. Is this a problem? To what extent do nonexhaust emissions contribute to ambient concentrations of PM10 or PM2.5? In the near future, wear emissions may dominate the remaining traffic-related PM10 emissions in Europe, mostly due to the steep decrease in PM exhaust emissions. This underlines the need to determine the relevance of the wear emissions as a contribution to the existing ambient PM concentrations, and the need to assess the health risks related to wear particles, which has not yet received much attention. During a workshop in 2011, available knowledge was reported and evaluated so as to draw conclusions on the relevance of traffic-related wear emissions for air quality policy development. On the basis of available evidence, which is briefly presented in this paper it was concluded that nonexhaust emissions and in particular suspension in air of road dust are major contributors to exceedances at street locations of the PM10 air quality standards in various European cities. Furthermore, wear-related PM emissions that contain high concentrations of metals may (despite their limited contribution to the mass of nonexhaust emissions) cause significant health risks for the population, especially those living near intensely trafficked locations. To quantify the existing health risks, targeted research is required on wear emissions, their dispersion in urban areas, population exposure, and its effects on health. Such information will be crucial for environmental policymakers as an input for discussions on the need to develop control strategies.
Road transport particulate matter (PM) emissions are associated with adverse health effects. Stringent policies succeed in reducing the exhaust PM emissions, but do not address "nonexhaust" emissions from brake wear, tire wear, road wear, and suspension in air of road dust. In the near future the nonexhaust emissions will dominate the road transport PM emissions. Based on the limited available evidence, it is argued that dedicated research is required on nonexhaust emissions and dispersion to urban areas from both an air quality and a public health perspective. The implicated message to regulators and policy makers is that road transport emissions continue to be an issue for health and air quality, despite the encouraging rapid decrease of tailpipe exhaust emissions.
道路交通排放是环境中颗粒物浓度的主要贡献者，并与不良健康影响有关。因此，这些排放是通过日益严格的欧洲排放标准来控制的。这些政策成功地减少了废气排放，但没有解决刹车磨损、轮胎磨损、道路磨损和空气中道路灰尘悬浮带来的“非废气”排放。这是一个问题吗？非废气排放对 PM10 或 PM2.5 的环境浓度有多大贡献？在不久的将来，磨损排放可能会主导欧洲剩余的与交通相关的 PM10 排放，这主要是由于 PM 废气排放的急剧下降。这凸显了确定磨损排放作为现有环境 PM 浓度贡献的相关性的必要性，以及评估与磨损颗粒相关的健康风险的必要性，而这方面尚未得到太多关注。在 2011 年的一次研讨会上，报告和评估了现有知识，以便就交通相关磨损排放对空气质量政策制定的相关性得出结论。基于本文简要介绍的现有证据，得出的结论是，非废气排放，特别是空气中道路灰尘的悬浮，是欧洲多个城市街道位置 PM10 空气质量标准超标现象的主要原因。此外，含有高浓度金属的与磨损有关的 PM 排放可能（尽管它们对非废气排放的质量贡献有限）对人口造成重大健康风险，尤其是那些居住在交通繁忙地区附近的人口。为了量化现有的健康风险，需要对磨损排放、它们在城市地区的分散、人口暴露及其对健康的影响进行有针对性的研究。这些信息对于环境政策制定者来说至关重要，是讨论是否需要制定控制策略的重要依据。
道路交通颗粒物 (PM) 排放与不良健康影响有关。严格的政策成功地减少了废气 PM 排放，但没有解决刹车磨损、轮胎磨损、道路磨损和空气中道路灰尘悬浮带来的“非废气”排放。在不久的将来，非废气排放将主导道路交通 PM 排放。基于有限的现有证据，有人认为，从空气质量和公共健康的角度来看，需要对非废气排放及其向城市地区的扩散进行专门研究。向监管机构和政策制定者传达的信息是，尽管废气排放迅速减少令人鼓舞，但道路交通排放仍然是健康和空气质量的一个问题。
