National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.
Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022 Nov;200(11):4837-4845. doi: 10.1007/s12011-021-03051-z. Epub 2021 Dec 2.
This study investigated the concentrations of potentially harmful elements (PHE) in edible tissues of trout fish (Salmo trutta) in the Phander Valley, Northern Pakistan. For this purpose, fish were sampled from the Phander Valley (Gilgit River and Phander Lake). PHE concentrations in edible fish tissues (muscle, fins, and skin) were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS, AAnalyst 700, Perkin Elmer, USA). Among PHE, zinc (Zn) showed the highest concentration of 1097 μg/kg in the skin, followed by manganese (Mn) of 241 μg/kg in the muscle, and the lowest of 3.78 μg/kg for cadmium (Cd) in fins. The concentration of PHE in fish tissues of the study area was observed within the threshold limits set by the food and agriculture organization (FAO). PHE concentration of fish tissues was used for the calculation of chronic risk assessment using the chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) indices. The highest CDI values were observed for Zn through fish tissue consumption in juveniles, followed by Mn, and the lowest for Cd in adults. The HQ values were observed less than 1 for adults through PHE consumption in fish tissue; however, that of juvenile surpassed the threshold limit through Cd consumption in all studied tissues and that of Pb in the muscle and skins only. Higher HQ values than the threshold limit could pose a potential chronic risk to the exposed community. Spearman's non-parametric correlation showed a varying degree of correlation among PHE in fish tissues and canonical discriminant analyses were used to differentiate the tissues based on PHE accumulation tendencies.
本研究调查了巴基斯坦北部潘德山谷（Phander Valley）鳟鱼（Salmo trutta）可食用组织中的潜在有害元素（PHE）浓度。为此，从潘德山谷（吉尔吉特河和潘德湖）采集了鱼类样本。采用原子吸收光谱法（AAS，AAnalyst 700，Perkin Elmer，USA）测定可食用鱼类组织（肌肉、鳍和皮肤）中的 PHE 浓度。在 PHE 中，锌（Zn）在皮肤中的浓度最高，为 1097μg/kg，其次是肌肉中的锰（Mn），浓度为 241μg/kg，鳍中的镉（Cd）浓度最低，为 3.78μg/kg。研究区域鱼类组织中的 PHE 浓度在粮农组织（FAO）设定的阈值范围内。根据慢性日摄入量（CDI）和危害商数（HQ）指数，利用鱼类组织中 PHE 的浓度进行慢性风险评估计算。通过食用鱼类组织，青少年中 Zn 的 CDI 值最高，其次是 Mn，而成年人中 Cd 的 CDI 值最低。通过食用鱼类组织中的 PHE，成年人的 HQ 值均小于 1；然而，所有研究组织中，Cd 对青少年的 HQ 值超过了阈值，仅肌肉和皮肤中的 Pb 对青少年的 HQ 值超过了阈值。HQ 值高于阈值可能会对暴露人群构成潜在的慢性风险。Spearman 非参数相关分析显示鱼类组织中 PHE 之间存在不同程度的相关性，典型判别分析用于根据 PHE 积累趋势对组织进行区分。
