Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA.
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2021 Nov 30;26(11):1001-1012. doi: 10.52586/5004.
: Tadpole tail develops from the tailbud, an apparently homogenous mass of cells at the posterior of the embryo. While much progress has been made in understanding the origin and the induction of the tailbud, the subsequent outgrowth and differentiation have received much less attention, particularly with regard to global gene expression changes. : By using RNA-seq with SMRT and further analyses, we report the transcriptome profiles at four key stages of tail development, from a small tailbud to the onset of feeding (S18, S19, S21 and S28) in , an anuran with a number of advantages for developmental and genetic studies. : We obtained 48,826 transcripts and discovered 8807 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs, q < 0.05) among these four developmental stages. We functionally classified these DETs by using GO and KEGG analyses and revealed 110 significantly enriched GO categories and 6 highly enriched KEGG pathways (Protein digestion and absorption; ECM-receptor interaction; Pyruvate metabolism; Fatty acid degradation; Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; and Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism) that are likely critically involved in developmental changes in the tail. In addition, analyses of DETs between any two individual stages demonstrated the involvement of distinct biological pathways/GO terms at different stages of tail development. Furthermore, the most dramatic changes in gene expression profile are those between S28 and any of the other three stages. The upregulated DETs at S28 are highly enriched in "myosin complex" and "potassium channel activity", which are important for muscle contraction, a critical function of the tail that the animal needs by the end of embryogenesis. Additionally, many DETs and enriched pathways discovered here during tail development, such as HDAC1, Hes1 and Hippo signaling pathway, have also been reported to be vital for the tissue/organ regeneration, suggesting conserved functions between development and regeneration. : The present staudy provides a golbal overview of gene expression patterns and new insights into the mechanism involved in anuran tail development and regeneration.
: 原尾芽由尾芽原基发育而来，后者是胚胎后端的一个均质细胞团。尽管人们在理解尾芽原基的起源和诱导方面已经取得了很大进展，但对于随后的生长和分化却关注较少，特别是在整体基因表达变化方面。: 通过使用 SMRT 的 RNA-seq 及进一步分析，我们报告了在尾发育的四个关键阶段（从小尾芽到摄食开始的 S18、S19、S21 和 S28）的转录组图谱，这种无尾两栖动物在发育和遗传研究方面具有许多优势。: 我们获得了 48826 个转录本，并在这四个发育阶段中发现了 8807 个差异表达转录本（DETs，q < 0.05）。我们通过 GO 和 KEGG 分析对这些 DETs 进行了功能分类，并揭示了 110 个显著富集的 GO 类别和 6 个高度富集的 KEGG 途径（蛋白质消化吸收；细胞外基质受体相互作用；丙酮酸代谢；脂肪酸降解；缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸降解；乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢），这些途径可能在尾巴的发育变化中起着关键作用。此外，对任何两个个体阶段之间的 DET 分析表明，在尾巴发育的不同阶段涉及不同的生物学途径/GO 术语。此外，基因表达谱中最显著的变化是 S28 与其他三个阶段之间的变化。S28 上调的 DETs 高度富集于“肌球蛋白复合物”和“钾通道活性”，这对于肌肉收缩至关重要，而肌肉收缩是胚胎后期动物所必需的尾巴的关键功能。此外，在尾巴发育过程中发现的许多 DETs 和富集途径，如 HDAC1、Hes1 和 Hippo 信号通路，也被报道对组织/器官再生至关重要，这表明发育和再生之间存在保守功能。: 本研究提供了一个关于基因表达模式的整体概述，并深入了解了无尾两栖动物尾巴发育和再生的机制。
