School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2022 Mar;240:113886. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113886. Epub 2021 Dec 2.
Environmental pollutants have been known to increase the risks of not only respiratory and cardiovascular disease but also metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene and toluene are major constituents of environmental pollution. In the present study, we employed the population of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 3 conducted between 2015 and 2017, and assessed the associations of urinary biomarkers for PAHs and VOCs exposure with obesity and DM. A total of 3787 adult participants were included and the urinary concentrations of four PAH metabolites and two VOC metabolites were measured. For correcting urine dilution, a covariate-adjusted standardization method was used. The highest quartiles of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP) [OR (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 1.46 (1.13, 1.87)] and sum of PAH metabolites [OR (95% CI) = 1.45 (1.13, 1.87)] concentrations were associated with a higher risk of obesity [body mass index (BMI)≥25 kg/m]. BMI was positively associated with urinary 2-NAP [β (95% CI) = 0.25 (0.09, 0.41), p = 0.003] and sum of PAH metabolites [β (95% CI) = 0.29 (0.08, 0.49), p = 0.006] concentrations. The risk of DM was increased with increasing quartile of 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFlu) and trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) (p for trend<0.05 and < 0.001, respectively). The highest quartile of t,t-MA showed a significantly higher risk of DM [OR (95% CI) = 2.77 (1.74, 4.42)] and obesity [OR (95% CI) = 1.42 (1.06, 1.90)]. Urinary t,t,-MA level was positively associated with BMI [(β (95% CI) = 0.51 (0.31, 0.71), p < 0.001] and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease index [(β (95% CI) = 0.09 (0.06, 0.12), p < 0.001]. In conclusion, the benzene metabolites t,t-MA and PAH metabolite 2-OHFlu were associated with an increased risk of DM. Urinary biomarkers for PAHs and VOCs were positively associated with BMI in the Korean adult population. Further studies to validate these observations in other populations are warranted.
环境污染物不仅会增加患呼吸道和心血管疾病的风险，还会增加肥胖和糖尿病（DM）等代谢性疾病的风险。多环芳烃（PAHs）和苯、甲苯等挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）是环境污染的主要成分。本研究采用了 2015 年至 2017 年进行的韩国国家环境健康调查（KoNEHS）第 3 周期的人群，评估了 PAHs 和 VOCs 暴露的尿液生物标志物与肥胖和 DM 的关联。共纳入 3787 名成年参与者，并测量了 4 种 PAH 代谢物和 2 种 VOC 代谢物的尿液浓度。为了校正尿液稀释，采用了协变量调整的标准化方法。2-羟基萘（2-NAP）[比值比（95%置信区间（CI））= 1.46（1.13，1.87）]和 PAH 代谢物总和的尿液第四高四分位数浓度与肥胖[体重指数（BMI）≥25kg/m]的风险增加相关。BMI 与尿液 2-NAP [β（95%CI）= 0.25（0.09，0.41），p=0.003]和 PAH 代谢物总和[β（95%CI）= 0.29（0.08，0.49），p=0.006]浓度呈正相关。2-羟基芴（2-OHFlu）和反式，反式-粘康酸（t，t-MA）四分位数升高与 DM 风险增加相关（趋势检验 p<0.05 和 p<0.001）。t，t-MA 的最高四分位数显示出 DM 的风险显著增加[比值比（95%CI）= 2.77（1.74，4.42）]和肥胖[比值比（95%CI）= 1.42（1.06，1.90）]。尿液 t，t-MA 水平与 BMI 呈正相关[β（95%CI）= 0.51（0.31，0.71），p<0.001]和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病指数[β（95%CI）= 0.09（0.06，0.12），p<0.001]。总之，苯代谢物 t，t-MA 和 PAH 代谢物 2-OHFlu 与 DM 风险增加有关。PAHs 和 VOCs 的尿液生物标志物与韩国成年人的 BMI 呈正相关。需要进一步的研究来验证其他人群的这些观察结果。
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