Sherman Julie, Unwin Steve, Travis Dominic A, Oram Felicity, Wich Serge A, Jaya Ricko L, Voigt Maria, Santika Truly, Massingham Emily, Seaman Dave J I, Meijaard Erik, Ancrenaz Marc
Wildlife Impact, Portland, OR, United States.
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Nov 12;8:749547. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.749547. eCollection 2021.
Critically Endangered orangutans are translocated in several situations: reintroduced into historic range where no wild populations exist, released to reinforce existing wild populations, and wild-to-wild translocated to remove individuals from potentially risky situations. Translocated orangutans exposed to human diseases, including Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), pose risks to wild and previously released conspecifics. Wildlife disease risk experts recommended halting great ape translocations during the COVID-19 pandemic to minimize risk of disease transmission to wild populations. We collected data on orangutan releases and associated disease risk management in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic, and developed a problem description for orangutan disease and conservation risks. We identified that at least 15 rehabilitated ex-captive and 27 wild captured orangutans were released during the study period. Identified disease risks included several wild-to-wild translocated orangutans in direct contact or proximity to humans without protective equipment, and formerly captive rehabilitated orangutans that have had long periods of contact and potential exposure to human diseases. While translocation practitioners typically employ mitigation measures to decrease disease transmission likelihood, these measures cannot eliminate all risk, and are not consistently applied. COVID-19 and other diseases of human origin can be transmitted to orangutans, which could have catastrophic impacts on wild orangutans, other susceptible fauna, and humans should disease transmission occur. We recommend stakeholders conduct a Disease Risk Analysis for orangutan translocation, and improve pathogen surveillance and mitigation measures to decrease the likelihood of potential outbreaks. We also suggest refocusing conservation efforts on alternatives to wild-to-wild translocation including mitigating human-orangutan interactions, enforcing laws and protecting orangutan habitats to conserve orangutans .
重新引入历史分布范围内已无野生种群的地区，放归以加强现有的野生种群，以及进行野生个体之间的转移以使其脱离潜在的危险处境。接触过包括2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）在内的人类疾病的转移猩猩，会对野生猩猩和之前放归的同类个体构成风险。野生动物疾病风险专家建议在COVID-19大流行期间停止大型猿类的转移，以将疾病传播给野生种群的风险降至最低。我们收集了印度尼西亚在COVID-19大流行期间猩猩放归及相关疾病风险管理的数据，并针对猩猩疾病和保护风险制定了问题描述。我们发现，在研究期间至少有15只圈养康复的猩猩和27只野生捕获的猩猩被放归。已识别的疾病风险包括几只野生个体之间转移的猩猩在未采取防护措施的情况下直接接触或靠近人类，以及之前圈养康复的猩猩长期接触并可能接触人类疾病。虽然转移从业者通常会采取缓解措施来降低疾病传播的可能性，但这些措施无法消除所有风险，而且并未始终得到执行。COVID-19和其他源自人类的疾病可能会传播给猩猩，如果发生疾病传播，这可能会对野生猩猩、其他易感动物以及人类造成灾难性影响。我们建议利益相关者对猩猩转移进行疾病风险分析，并改进病原体监测和缓解措施，以降低潜在疫情爆发的可能性。我们还建议将保护工作的重点重新放在野生个体之间转移的替代方案上，包括减少人类与猩猩的互动、执行法律以及保护猩猩栖息地以保护猩猩。
