Beutel Rolf G, Friedrich Frank, Hörnschemeyer Thomas, Pohl Hans, Hünefeld Frank, Beckmann Felix, Meier Rudolf, Misof Bernhard, Whiting Michael F, Vilhelmsen Lars
Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, FSU Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
Cladistics. 2011 Aug;27(4):341-355. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00338.x. Epub 2010 Sep 30.
We present the largest morphological character set ever compiled for Holometabola. This was made possible through an optimized acquisition of data. Based on our analyses and recently published hypotheses based on molecular data, we discuss higher-level phylogeny and evolutionary changes. We comment on the information content of different character systems and discuss the role of morphology in the age of phylogenomics. Microcomputer tomography in combination with other techniques proved highly efficient for acquiring and documenting morphological data. Detailed anatomical information (356 characters) is now available for 30 representatives of all holometabolan orders. A combination of traditional and novel techniques complemented each other and rapidly provided reliable data. In addition, our approach facilitates documenting the anatomy of model organisms. Our results show little congruence with studies based on rRNA, but confirm most clades retrieved in a recent study based on nuclear genes: Holometabola excluding Hymenoptera, Coleopterida (= Strepsiptera + Coleoptera), Neuropterida excl. Neuroptera, and Mecoptera. Mecopterida (= Antliophora + Amphiesmenoptera) was retrieved only in Bayesian analyses. All orders except Megaloptera are monophyletic. Problems in the analyses are caused by taxa with numerous autapomorphies and/or inapplicable character states due to the loss of major structures (such as wings). Different factors have contributed to the evolutionary success of various holometabolan lineages. It is likely that good flying performance, the ability to occupy different habitats as larvae and adults, parasitism, liquid feeding, and co-evolution with flowering plants have played important roles. We argue that even in the "age of phylogenomics", comparative morphology will still play a vital role. In addition, morphology is essential for reconstructing major evolutionary transformations at the phenotypic level, for testing evolutionary scenarios, and for placing fossil taxa. © The Willi Hennig Society 2010.
我们展示了有史以来为全变态昆虫纲汇编的最大形态特征集。这通过优化的数据采集得以实现。基于我们的分析以及最近基于分子数据发表的假说，我们讨论了高级系统发育和进化变化。我们对不同特征系统的信息内容进行了评论，并讨论了形态学在系统发育基因组学时代的作用。微型计算机断层扫描与其他技术相结合，在获取和记录形态学数据方面被证明非常高效。现在，全变态昆虫纲所有目30个代表物种的详细解剖信息（356个特征）已可得。传统技术与新技术相结合，相辅相成，迅速提供了可靠的数据。此外，我们的方法有助于记录模式生物的解剖结构。我们的结果与基于rRNA的研究几乎没有一致性，但证实了最近一项基于核基因的研究所检索到的大多数分支：不包括膜翅目的全变态昆虫纲、鞘翅总目（=捻翅目+鞘翅目）、不包括脉翅目的脉翅总目，以及长翅目。长翅总目（=蚤目+双翅目+毛翅目）仅在贝叶斯分析中被检索到。除广翅目外，所有目均为单系类群。分析中的问题是由具有众多自近裔性状的类群和/或由于主要结构（如翅膀）丧失而导致特征状态不适用所引起的。不同因素促成了各种全变态昆虫谱系的进化成功。良好的飞行性能、幼虫和成虫占据不同栖息地的能力、寄生、吸食液体以及与开花植物的共同进化可能起到了重要作用。我们认为，即使在“系统发育基因组学时代”，比较形态学仍将发挥至关重要的作用。此外，形态学对于在表型水平重建主要进化转变、检验进化假说以及确定化石类群至关重要。©威利·亨尼希协会2010年。
