Friedrich Frank, Beutel Rolf G
Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
Cladistics. 2010 Dec;26(6):579-612. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00305.x.
Characters of the thorax of 30 representatives of all endopterygote orders and four hemimetabolous outgroup taxa were examined. In total, 126 characters potentially useful for phylogenetic reconstruction are discussed and presented as a data matrix. The thoracic features were analysed with different approaches combined with an additional large set of morphological data. Endopterygota were confirmed as monophyletic and new morphological autapomorphies of the group are suggested. The highly controversial Strepsiptera are not placed as sistergroup of Diptera (Halteria-concept) but consistently as sistergroup of Coleoptera. This clade was mainly supported by characters associated with posteromotorism. The traditionally proposed relationship of Neuropterida + Coleoptera was not confirmed. Hymenoptera was placed as sistergroup of all remaining orders in parsimony analyses. The inclusion of Strepsiptera + Coleoptera in Mecopterida in parsimony analyses is probably artificial and potential thoracic autapomorphies of Mecopterida in the traditional sense are suggested. Mecopterida are confirmed as a clade in Bayesian analyses. Amphiesmenoptera and Antliophora are well supported. The paraphyly of Mecoptera is due to a clade comprising Nannochoristidae and Siphonaptera + Diptera. The phylogenetic reconstruction using characters of the thorax is impeded by functional constraints, parallel losses, a general trend to reinforce the skeleton and to simplify the muscular apparatus, and also by different specializations occurring in potential outgroup taxa. The addition of a large additional morphological data set only partly compensated for these problems. It is apparent that the inclusion of more outgroup and ingroup taxa is required, notably presumably basal representatives of Mecoptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera. This may reduce the effect of an artificial attraction of branches caused by homoplasy, notably character losses occurring within different lineages.© The Willi Hennig Society 2010.
研究了所有全变态昆虫目30个代表物种以及四个外群半变态类群的胸部特征。总共讨论了126个可能对系统发育重建有用的特征，并将其呈现为一个数据矩阵。采用不同方法结合另外一大组形态学数据对胸部特征进行了分析。全变态昆虫被确认为单系群，并提出了该类群新的形态自动衍征。极具争议的捻翅目并非被置于双翅目的姊妹群（摇蚊概念），而是始终作为鞘翅目的姊妹群。这个分支主要由与后动性相关的特征支持。传统上提出的脉翅目 + 鞘翅目的关系未得到证实。在简约分析中，膜翅目被置于所有其余目类的姊妹群位置。在简约分析中，将捻翅目 + 鞘翅目归入长翅目可能是人为的，并提出了传统意义上长翅目潜在的胸部自动衍征。在贝叶斯分析中，长翅目被确认为一个分支。毛翅目和长翅总目得到了有力支持。长翅目的并系性是由于一个包括短角蚊科以及蚤目 + 双翅目的分支。利用胸部特征进行系统发育重建受到功能限制、平行丢失、强化骨骼和简化肌肉器官的总体趋势以及潜在外群类群中出现的不同特化的阻碍。添加另外一大组形态学数据集仅部分弥补了这些问题。显然，需要纳入更多的外群和内群类群，特别是可能的长翅目、毛翅目和双翅目的基部代表物种。这可能会减少由同塑性引起的分支人为吸引效应，特别是不同谱系中发生的特征丢失。© 威利·亨尼希协会2010年。
