Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
J Hazard Mater. 2022 Feb 15;424(Pt B):127493. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127493. Epub 2021 Oct 14.
Treatment and reuse of produced water (PW), the largest wastewater stream generated during oil and gas production, provides a promising option to address the increasing clean water demands. High-performance treatment technologies are needed to efficiently remove the organic and inorganic contaminants in PW for fit-for-purpose applications. Photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) is an emerging green technology for removal of organic pollutants, photoreduction of heavy metals, photo-inactivation of bacteria, and resource recovery. This study critically reviewed the mechanisms of photocatalysis and membrane processes in PMR, factors affecting PMR performance, rational design, and evaluation metrics for PW treatment. Specifically, PW characteristics, photocatalysts properties, membranes applied, and operating conditions are of utmost importance for rational design and reliable operation of PMR. PW pretreatment to remove oil and grease, colloidal and suspended solids is necessary to reduce membrane fouling and ensure optimal PMR performance. The metrics to evaluate PMR performance were developed including light utilization, exergetic efficiency, water recovery, product water improvement, lifetime of the photocatalyst, and costs. This review also presented the research gaps and outlook for future research.
采出水（PW）的处理和再利用是石油和天然气生产过程中产生的最大废水，为满足日益增长的清洁水需求提供了一个有前途的选择。需要高性能的处理技术来有效地去除 PW 中的有机和无机污染物，以实现适用的目的。光催化膜反应器（PMR）是一种新兴的绿色技术，可用于去除有机污染物、重金属光还原、细菌光灭活和资源回收。本研究批判性地回顾了 PMR 中光催化和膜过程的机制、影响 PMR 性能的因素、合理设计和 PW 处理的评估指标。具体而言，PW 的特性、催化剂的特性、应用的膜和操作条件对于 PMR 的合理设计和可靠运行至关重要。PW 的预处理去除油和油脂、胶体和悬浮固体是减少膜污染和确保 PMR 性能优化所必需的。已经开发了用于评估 PMR 性能的指标，包括光利用、火用效率、水回收率、产水改善、催化剂寿命和成本。本综述还提出了未来研究的研究空白和展望。
