Center of Research on Science and Technology of BioResources, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador São Carlense Ave, 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil.
CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal.
Chemosphere. 2024 May;355:141884. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141884. Epub 2024 Apr 2.
Global water demand and environmental concerns related to climate change require industries to develop high-efficiency wastewater treatment methods to remove pollutants. Likewise, toxic pollutants present in wastewater negatively affect the environment and human health, requiring effective treatment. Although conventional treatment processes remove carbon and nutrients, they are insufficient to remove pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plasticizers. Electrochemical processes effectively remove pollutants from wastewater through the mineralization of non-biodegradable pollutants with consequent conversion into biodegradable compounds. Its advantages include easy operation, versatility, and short reaction time. In this way, this review initially provides a global water scenario with a view to the future. It comprises global demand, treatment methods, and pollution of water resources, addressing various contaminants such as heavy metals, nutrients, organic compounds, and emerging contaminants. Subsequently, the fundamentals of electrochemical treatments are presented as well as electrochemical treatments, highlighting the latest studies involving electrocoagulation, electroflocculation, electroflotation, capacitive deionization and its derivatives, eletrodeionization, and electrochemical advanced oxidation process. Finally, the challenges and perspectives were discussed. In this context, electrochemical processes have proven promising and effective for the treatment of water and wastewater, allowing safe reuse practices and purification with high contaminant removal.
全球的水需求和与气候变化相关的环境问题促使各行业开发高效的废水处理方法以去除污染物。同样，废水中存在的有毒污染物也会对环境和人类健康造成负面影响，因此需要进行有效的处理。尽管传统的处理工艺可以去除碳和营养物，但它们不足以去除药品、农药和增塑剂。电化学工艺通过将不可生物降解的污染物矿化为可生物降解的化合物，有效地去除废水中的污染物。其优点包括操作简单、多功能性和短的反应时间。 因此，本文首先提供了一个全球水情展望未来的视角。它包括全球需求、处理方法和水资源污染，涉及各种污染物，如重金属、营养物、有机化合物和新兴污染物。随后，介绍了电化学处理的基本原理以及电化学处理方法，重点介绍了涉及电絮凝、电浮选、电浮选、电容去离子及其衍生物、电极去离子和电化学高级氧化工艺的最新研究。最后，讨论了挑战和展望。在这方面，电化学工艺已被证明是处理水和废水的一种有前途和有效的方法，允许进行安全的再利用实践和具有高去除率的净化。
