Stressor-elicited smoking and craving during a smoking cessation attempt.

Stressors can undermine smokers' attempts to quit smoking. Although contemporary theories and animal models support this idea, human research has struggled to demonstrate definitively the relationship between stressors and smoking. Researchers have employed more ecologically valid methods like ecological momentary assessment to address this question, but studies focusing explicitly on stressors remain sparse and findings inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of stressful event intensity on smoking and craving among cigarette smokers during a quit attempt. We conducted preregistered, complementary concurrent and prospective (i.e., 8-hour lag window between stressful event and outcomes) analyses to maximize statistical power and provide temporal ordering, respectively. We also conducted follow-up moderation (Lag × Stressful Event Intensity) analyses. We hypothesized that smokers would be more likely to report both smoking and craving as the intensity of stressful events increased. Cigarette smokers ( = 125; 77 male) were randomly assigned to take nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or placebo and provided 4x daily self-reports during the first 2 weeks of a quit attempt. Stressful events increased craving and the probability of smoking in concurrent analyses, and lag moderated the effect of stressful event intensity in follow-up prospective lagged analyses. NRT reduced the probability of smoking but not craving and did not moderate the effect of stressful events on smoking or craving. This study supports a prospective relationship between stressful events and smoking/craving in situ and demonstrates that NRT does not reduce the impact of stressors on smoking or craving. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).