Sparks John S, Smith Wm Leo
Department of Ichthyology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
Cladistics. 2004 Dec;20(6):501-517. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.
Family level molecular phylogenetic analyses of cichlid fishes have generally suffered from a limited number of characters and/or poor taxonomic sampling across one or more major geographic assemblage, and therefore have not provided a robust test of early intrafamilial diversification. Herein we use both nuclear and mitochondrial nucleotide characters and direct optimization to reconstruct a phylogeny for cichlid fishes. Representatives of major cichlid lineages across all geographic assemblages are included, as well as nearly twice the number of characters as any prior family-level study. In a strict consensus of 81 equally most-parsimonious hypotheses, based on the simultaneous analysis of 2222 aligned nucleotide characters from two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, four major subfamilial lineages are recovered with strong support. Etroplinae, endemic to Madagascar (Paretroplus) and southern Asia (Etroplus), is recovered as the sister taxon to the remainder of Cichlidae. Although the South Asian cichlids are monophyletic, the Malagasy plus South Asian lineages are not. The remaining Malagasy lineage, Ptychochrominae, is monophyletic and is recovered as the sister group to a clade comprising the African and Neotropical cichlids. The African (Pseudocrenilabrinae) and Neotropical (Cichlinae) lineages are each monophyletic in this reconstruction. The use of multiple molecular markers, from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, results in a phylogeny that in general exhibits strong support, notably for early diversification events within Cichlidae. Results further indicate that Labroidei is not monophyletic, and that the sister group to Cichlidae may comprise a large and diverse assemblage of percomorph lineages. This hypothesis may at least partly explain why morphological studies that have attempted to place Cichlidae within Percomorpha, or that have tested cichlid monophyly using only "labroid" lineages, have met with only limited success.
丽鱼科鱼类的科级水平分子系统发育分析通常存在一些问题，比如性状数量有限，和/或在一个或多个主要地理类群中的分类抽样不足，因此未能对科内早期分化进行有力检验。在此，我们利用核基因和线粒体核苷酸性状以及直接优化法来重建丽鱼科鱼类的系统发育树。我们纳入了所有地理类群中主要丽鱼科谱系的代表物种，以及数量几乎是之前任何科级研究两倍的性状。基于对来自两个线粒体基因和两个核基因的2222个比对核苷酸性状的同步分析，在81个同等最简约假说的严格合意树中，四个主要亚科谱系得到了有力支持。分布于马达加斯加（副丽鱼属）和亚洲南部（丽鱼属）的艾氏丽鱼亚科被确定为丽鱼科其他类群的姐妹分类单元。虽然亚洲南部的丽鱼是单系的，但马达加斯加和亚洲南部的谱系并非如此。马达加斯加的另一个谱系，褶唇丽鱼亚科，是单系的，并且被确定为包括非洲和新热带区丽鱼的一个分支的姐妹群。在这个重建中，非洲（伪丽鱼亚科）和新热带区（丽鱼亚科）的谱系各自都是单系的。使用来自线粒体和核基因的多个分子标记，得到了一个总体上具有有力支持的系统发育树，特别是对于丽鱼科内的早期分化事件。结果还表明，隆头鱼亚目不是单系的，丽鱼科的姐妹群可能包括一大类多样的鲈形目谱系。这一假说至少可以部分解释为什么试图将丽鱼科置于鲈形目中，或者仅使用“隆头鱼”谱系来检验丽鱼科单系性的形态学研究只取得了有限的成功。
