Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan; Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan.
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan.
Drug Discov Today Technol. 2020 Dec;37:61-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.006. Epub 2020 Dec 10.
Compared to traditional vaccines that are formulated into mixtures of an adjuvant and an antigen, a self-adjuvanting vaccine consists of an antigen that is covalently conjugated to a well-defined adjuvant. In self-adjuvanting vaccines, innate immune receptor ligands are usually used as adjuvants. Innate immune receptor ligands effectively trigger acquired immunity through the activation of innate immunity to enhance host immune responses to antigens. When a self-adjuvanting vaccine is used, immune cells simultaneously uptake the antigen and the adjuvant because they are covalently linked. Consequently, the adjuvant can specifically induce immune responses against the conjugated antigen. Importantly, self-adjuvanting vaccines do not require co-administration of additional adjuvants or immobilization to carrier proteins, which enables avoidance of the use of highly toxic adjuvants or the induction of undesired immune responses. Given these excellent properties, self-adjuvanting vaccines are expected to serve as candidates for the next generation of vaccines. Herein, we review vaccine adjuvants, with a focus on the adjuvants used in self-adjuvanting vaccines, and then overview recent advances made with self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines.
与传统疫苗将佐剂和抗原混合制成不同，自佐剂疫苗由与明确定义的佐剂共价连接的抗原组成。在自佐剂疫苗中，通常使用先天免疫受体配体作为佐剂。先天免疫受体配体通过激活先天免疫来有效触发获得性免疫，从而增强宿主对抗原的免疫反应。当使用自佐剂疫苗时，由于抗原和佐剂是共价连接的，因此免疫细胞同时摄取抗原和佐剂。因此，佐剂可以特异性地诱导针对缀合抗原的免疫反应。重要的是，自佐剂疫苗不需要额外佐剂的共同给药或固定到载体蛋白上，从而避免了使用高度毒性的佐剂或诱导不期望的免疫反应。鉴于这些优异的特性，自佐剂疫苗有望成为下一代疫苗的候选物。本文综述了疫苗佐剂，重点介绍了自佐剂疫苗中使用的佐剂，然后概述了最近在自佐剂缀合疫苗方面取得的进展。
