Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India.
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Exp Eye Res. 2022 Jan;214:108892. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108892. Epub 2021 Dec 10.
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles which accommodate a cargo of bioactive biomolecules that generally includes proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, sugars, and related conjugates depicting the cellular environment and are known to mediate a wide array of biological functions, like cellular communication, cellular differentiation, immunomodulation, neovascularization, and cellular waste management. The exponential implication of exosomes in the pathological development and progression of various disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer has offered a tremendous opportunity for exploring their role in ocular conditions. Ocular diseases such as age-related macular disease, glaucoma, infectious endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, autoimmune uveitis etc face various challenges in their early diagnosis and treatments due to contributing factors such as delay in the onset of symptoms, microbial identification, difficulty in obtaining samples for biopsy or being diagnosed as masquerade syndromes. Studies have reported unique exosomal cargos that are involved in successful delivery of miRNA or proteins to recipient cells to express desired expression or exploited as a diagnostic marker for various diseases. Furthermore, engineered exosomes can be used for targeted delivery of therapeutics and exosomes being natural nanoparticles found in all types of cells, host may not elicit an immune response against it. With the rapid advancement of opting personalized therapeutics, extending exosomal research to sight-threatening ocular infections can possibly advance the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review briefs about the current knowledge of exosomes in visual systems, advancements in exosomal and ophthalmic research, participation of exosomes in the pathogenesis of common ocular diseases, the challenges for exosomal therapies along with the future of this promising domain of research for diseases that fatally threaten billions of people worldwide.
外泌体是细胞外囊泡的一个子集，容纳了一系列生物活性生物分子的货物，这些分子通常包括蛋白质、核酸、脂质、糖和相关缀合物，描绘了细胞环境，并被认为介导了广泛的生物学功能，如细胞通讯、细胞分化、免疫调节、新血管生成和细胞废物管理。外泌体在各种疾病（包括神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病和癌症）的病理发展和进展中的指数意义为探索它们在眼部疾病中的作用提供了巨大的机会。眼部疾病，如年龄相关性黄斑病变、青光眼、感染性眼内炎、糖尿病性视网膜病变、自身免疫性葡萄膜炎等，由于症状发作延迟、微生物鉴定困难、难以获得活检样本或被诊断为伪装综合征等因素，在早期诊断和治疗方面面临各种挑战。研究报告称，外泌体携带独特的货物，这些货物可将 miRNA 或蛋白质成功递送到受体细胞，以表达所需的表达或作为各种疾病的诊断标志物加以利用。此外，工程化的外泌体可用于靶向递送达药物，并且外泌体作为存在于所有类型细胞中的天然纳米颗粒，宿主可能不会对其产生免疫反应。随着个性化治疗的快速发展，将外泌体研究扩展到威胁视力的眼部感染，可能会推进当前的诊断和治疗方法。这篇综述简要介绍了外泌体在视觉系统中的现有知识、外泌体和眼科研究的进展、外泌体在常见眼部疾病发病机制中的参与、外泌体治疗的挑战以及这个有前途的研究领域在全球范围内威胁数十亿人生命的疾病中的未来。
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