Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain.
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Mar 1;810:152233. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152233. Epub 2021 Dec 9.
Clean water and sanitation for the world population is one of the most important challenges established by the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations since worldwide, one in three people do not have access to safe drinking water. Groundwater, one of the main sources of fresh water, has been considerably damaged by human activities. Nevertheless, while numerous plants are globally aimed at removing pollutants from surface waters, a much scarcer number of facilities have focused on groundwater remediation. Nowadays, there is increasing concern about the presence of nitrates (NO) in groundwaters as a consequence of the intensive use of fertilizers and other anthropogenic sources, such as sewage or industrial wastewater discharge. In this context, the selection and development of highly effective and low-cost solutions for the sustainable management of groundwater resources need to be addressed. Thus, this work collects data from the literature regarding the presence of nitrates in groundwater, and, simultaneously, it reviews the main alternatives available to remove NO from groundwater sources. A total of 292 sites have been analyzed categorized by continents, carefully discussing the possible origins of nitrate pollution. In addition, a discussion is carried out of the different technologies currently employed to treat groundwater, highlighting the progress made and the main challenges to be overcome. Finally, the review gathers the data available in the literature for nitrate treatment plants at full-scale.
为全球人口提供清洁水和卫生设施是联合国可持续发展目标所确立的最重要挑战之一，因为目前全世界有三分之一的人无法获得安全饮用水。地下水是淡水的主要来源之一，已经受到人类活动的严重破坏。然而，尽管全球有许多工厂致力于从地表水中去除污染物，但很少有设施专注于地下水修复。如今，由于化肥和其他人为来源（如污水或工业废水排放）的大量使用，地下水中硝酸盐（NO）的存在引起了越来越多的关注。在这种情况下，需要选择和开发高效、低成本的解决方案，以实现地下水资源的可持续管理。因此，这项工作从文献中收集了有关地下水中硝酸盐存在的数据，并同时审查了可用于去除地下水中 NO 的主要替代方法。总共分析了 292 个站点，按各大洲进行了分类，仔细讨论了硝酸盐污染的可能来源。此外，还讨论了目前用于处理地下水的不同技术，强调了所取得的进展和需要克服的主要挑战。最后，该综述收集了文献中有关硝酸盐处理厂的可用数据。
